Hanbi Kim,
Hyun Tae Kim,
Ji Hye Lee,
Hyonseok Hwang
and
Duk Keun An
*
Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea. E-mail: dkan@kangwon.ac.kr
First published on 17th September 2020
An efficient protocol for the hydroboration of imines is reported. Lithium halide salts are effective catalysts to convert aldimines and ketimines to their corresponding amines. Here, we report excellent isolated yield of secondary amines (>95%) using 3 mol% lithium bromide in THF at room temperature. In addition, DFT calculations for a plausible reaction pathway are reported.
Amines are ubiquitous functional groups; they are found in many natural products and are used as building blocks for the production of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers, and dyes.3 Therefore, the synthesis of amines and their derivatives has gained significant attention in chemistry and biology.
Catalytic hydroboration of imines is a simple and straight-forward method for the preparation of amines, unlike conventional hydrogenation reactions and stoichiometric reductions, which are carried out at high pressure and temperature.4 Several catalytic systems for imine hydroboration have been reported, including the use of transition metals (e.g., Ti, Co, Ni, Ru),5 rare-earth metal complexes (Er, Y, Dy, Gd),6 an actinide group metal (Th),7 main group metals (Li, Na, Mg, Al, etc.),8 non-metals (P, B),9 and frustrated Lewis pairs.10
Recently, the hydroboration of imines has also been realized under catalyst-free conditions. In 2019, Pandey et al. reported the catalyst-free, solvent-free hydroboration of imines using pinacolborane (HBpin).11 However, although this method provided amines from aldimines in good to reasonable yields, the hydroboration of ketimines proceeded with lower yields, even under high temperatures and prolonged reaction times.
Speed et al. reported hydroboration of ketimines promoted by stoichiometric amounts of protic additives such as alcohols or water. The method provided good yields for aliphatic imines, while aniline derived imines (electron deficient substituents) were highly ineffective. The dehydrocoupling of pinacolborane with additives is the major issue in this protocol.12
Thus, methods that achieve efficient hydroboration using sustainable protocols are necessitated.
Recently, our group reported that Li+ salts13 are superior and effective catalysts for the hydroboration of carbonyl compounds.14 Prompted by those results, we decided to extend the methodology to the hydroboration of other functional groups. Herein, we report an economical method for the hydroboration of imines with pinacolborane and LiBr under mild conditions to afford excellent yields of secondary amines from both aldimines and ketimines (Scheme 1).
Entity | Cat | Time | Yielda (%) (imine/amine) |
---|---|---|---|
a Yields were determined by GC. The values in parenthesis belong to those for aldehyde. | |||
1 | LiF | 1 h | 48/37 (15) |
2 | LiCl | 30 min | 0/99 |
3 | LiBr | 30 min | 0/99 |
4 | Lil | 30 min | 0/99 |
5 | NaF | 1 h | 51/45 (4) |
6 | Nacl | 1 h | 52/39 (7) |
7 | NaBr | 1 h | 66/30 (4) |
8 | Nal | 1 h | 4/96 |
9 | KF | 1 h | 47/38 (15) |
10 | KCl | 1 h | 55/28 (15) |
11 | KBr | 1 h | 77/18 (3) |
12 | Kl | 1 h | 33/50 (16) |
Moreover, further optimization of the reaction conditions was conducted by adjusting the catalyst loading, pinacolborane stoichiometry, type of solvent, and reaction time. The results are summarized in Table 2. When hydroboration was carried out in the absence of a catalyst, only 24% yield of the desired product (N-benzylaniline) was afforded after 1 h (entry 1, Table 2). As expected, a dramatic improvement was observed in the presence of LiBr (3.0 mol%), affording quantitative conversion to the product (entry 6). Only moderate conversions were achieved with a reduced catalyst loading (entry 2), lower stoichiometries of pinacolborane (entries 3 and 4) and a shorter reaction time (entry 5). Next, the reaction was optimized in various solvent systems including n-hexane, toluene, diethyl ether, and dichloromethane (entries 7–10). Both diethyl ether and dichloromethane afforded yield comparable to THF, whereas the reaction performed poorly in n-hexane and toluene. We also conducted hydroboration of imine in wet THF (trace amounts of water/tBuOH with THF respectively under catalyst-free condition). A similar result (lower conversions) was observed from aniline derived imines as suggested by Speed et al. Consequently, the optimal reaction conditions for the hydroboration of N-benzylideneaniline was determined to be 3.0 mol% of LiBr, 1.5 equiv. of HBpin in THF with a reaction time of 1 h (entry 6).
Entry | LiBr (mol%) | Pinacolborane (equiv.) | Solvent (0.5 ml) | Time | Yielda (%) (S. M/product) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a Yields were determined by GC. The values in parenthesis belong to those for aldehyde. | |||||
1 | none | 1.5 | THF | 1 h | 71/24 (2) |
2 | 1.0 | 1.5 | THF | 1 h | 45/56 (2) |
3 | 3.0 | 1.2 | THF | 1 h | 16/76 (8) |
4 | 3.0 | 1.2 | THF | 3 h | 21/73 (4) |
5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | THF | 30 min | 13/82 (2) |
6 | 3.0 | 1.5 | THF | 1 h | 0/100 |
7 | 3.0 | 1.5 | Hexane | 1 h | 86/7 (4) |
8 | 3.0 | 1.5 | Toluene | 1 h | 52/40 (4) |
9 | 3.0 | 1.5 | Ether | 1 h | 1/95 |
10 | 3.0 | 1.5 | MC | 1 h | 6/87 (1) |
Furthermore, the substrate scope was extended to aldimines 1b–o (Table 3). We were pleased to observe that all aldimines tested underwent smooth hydroboration to afford the corresponding amines in excellent yield (2b–k). The reaction was equally efficient with aldimines bearing electron-withdrawing substituents (1d, and 1h–k) and electron-donating substituents (1b, 1c, and 1e–g). Furthermore, polyaromatic imines 1l and 1m underwent hydroboration to afford the respective amines 2l and 2m in excellent yield. Although pyrenyl imine 1m required a 3 h reaction time for complete conversion, it afforded amine 2m in 97% isolated yield. In addition, the hydroboration of heteroaromatic imine 1n and aliphatic imine 1o proceeded smoothly, affording the respective amines 2n and 2o in excellent yield.
Next, the hydroboration of ketimines was investigated using N-(1-phenylethylidene)aniline (Table 4). We observed that 20% of the starting imine remained unreacted (entry 1, Table 4), and increasing the reaction time from 1 to 3 h showed only a marginal improvement in the conversion with 1.5 equiv. of HBpin (entry 2). Finally, with 2.0 equiv. of HBpin and 3 mol% LiBr, the ketimine underwent hydroboration smoothly to afford the desired product in 99% yield over 30 min reaction time (entry 4, Table 4).
Next, the substrate scope was extended to a range of ketimines (3b–l). Substrates bearing electron-withdrawing groups, e.g. 4-bromo (3d and 3g) and 4-nitro (3h), and electron-donating substitutions, e.g. 4-methyl (3b and 3e) and 4-methoxy (3c and 3f), afforded their corresponding amines in excellent yield, although the ketimines bearing a 4-methoxy substituent required 3.0 equiv. of HBpin for complete conversion. Similarly, 3.0 equiv. of HBpin was required to convert polyaromatic (3i) and sterically hindered imines (3j–k) to the desired amines (4i–k) in high yield. However, dihydronaphthalene imine 3l underwent smooth hydroboration to afford the corresponding amine 4l in 97% yield with 2.0 equiv. of pinacolborane (Table 5). The use of excess HBpin in the reaction is mainly due to the decomposition of HBpin to B2(pin)3 during the reduction (11B NMR of crude reaction, refer S62 in ESI†) which was observed comparatively more in ketamine hydroboration.
Finally, we investigated the chemoselectivity of our protocol. Accordingly, N-benzylideneaniline was treated with 3.0 equiv. of HBpin and 3 mol% LiBr in the presence of other reducible functional groups, such as esters and amides as well as nitrile, alkene, alkyne, alkyl halide, and epoxide moieties (Table 6). In all cases, our protocol exhibited high chemoselectivity toward imine hydroboration and excellent yield.
In addition, intramolecular hydroboration of imines was analyzed in the presence of an ester group. Both aldimine (5a) and ketamine (5b) proceeded selective hydroboration with 3 mol% LiBr to afford desired amines 6a and 6b in 98% and 97% yield, respectively, by leaving the ester group unreacted (Scheme 3).
The reaction pathway for LiBr catalyzed hydroboration of aldimine (PhHCNPh) was explored using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. The electronic energy profile for the reaction pathway is illustrated in Scheme 2. The mechanism was predicted based on recent work done by Thomas15 et al., Clark16 et al., and Wuesthoff17 et al. Accordingly, HBpin undergoes reaction with LiBr catalyst initially to produce the hydridoborate intermediate INT1.15,16 The subsequent reaction of the INT1 with aldimine generates the INT2 which turns into the INT3 through a hexagonal ring transition state TS1. INT3 then undergoes a unimolecular transformation into the INT4 through a four-membered ring transition state TS2. Upon the reaction of INT4 with HBpin via ligand exchange, providing desired substrate dioxolan amine with regeneration of INT1 for the next catalytic cycle (Scheme 4).
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Scheme 2 Free energy profile (in kcal mol−1) for LiBr catalyzed hydroboration of aldimine (PhHCNPh). |
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Scheme 4 A plausible mechanism based on the energy profiles shown in Scheme 2. Coordinates for the intermediate and transition state structures are provided in ESI.† |
Footnote |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06023b |
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