Saccharomonosporine A inspiration; synthesis of potent analogues as potential PIM kinase inhibitors

Abstract

Saccharomonosporine A was recently reported as a natural anti-cancer agent working through inhibition of a Proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus-1 (PIM-1) kinase. Structural bioisosteres of this natural product were synthesized and tested against PIM kinase enzymes. They showed potent inhibitory activity against all the known PIM kinases (PIM-1, 2 and 3) with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.22 to 2.46 μM. Compound 5 was the most potent pan-inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 0.37, 0.41, and 0.3 μM, against PIM-1, 2, 3 respectively. Compounds 4–6 were tested for their cytotoxic activities against 3 cell lines: H1650, HT-29, and HL-60. Compound 5 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 and the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60, with IC₅₀ μM values of 1.4 and 1.7 respectively. Molecular docking and homology modeling studies were carried out to confirm the affinity of these synthesized compounds to the three different PIM kinases. Additionally, a number of in silico predictions, ADME/Tox, were adopted to evaluate their drug-likeness.

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1. Introduction

Marine natural product bioprospecting has established a significant number of drug candidates. Cytarabine is one of the already marketed marine natural agents. However, most of them are still in preclinical or early clinical development.¹ Renieramycin M extracted from the blue sponge Xestospongia sp. is the first marine anticancer drug approved by the European Union and by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of human colon, lung and brain cancer.² To date, the synthetic analogue of halichondrin B, eribulin mesylate, which is isolated from the Porifera Halichondria okadai is the only antitumor agent derived from marine sponges and was approved by the FDA and European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2011.³ Furthermore, the recent discovery of numerous taxonomically unique marine-derived actinomycetes,^3,4 was associated with frequent isolation of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, and still offers a promising source for the discovery of further unusual natural products with diverse biological activity.^5,6 Many of these secondary metabolites are clinically useful anticancer drugs, such as anthracyclines represented in daunomycin, and doxorubicin, bleomycin and actinomycin D derived from peptides pentostatin regarded as antimetabolites, in addition to carzinophilin, and mitomycins.^7–9 In 2019, ULDF5 was a new indole derived compound isolated from the metabolic extracts of the marine actinomycetes that is structurally similar to staurosporine and it seemed to exhibit cytotoxic activity against HeLa cell line with IC₅₀ 0.075 μg mL⁻¹.¹⁰

PIM (Provirus Integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus) kinases are a family of constitutively active serine/threonine kinases that promote cell survival.¹¹ This family comprise of three different isoforms (PIM-1, PIM-2 and PIM-3) that share 60–70% sequence identity in their kinase domains and have very closely related ATP binding site.^12–14

PIM kinases are able to suppress apoptosis via direct phosphorylation and inhibition of several pro-apoptotic proteins such as BAD, MAP3K5, FOXO3, so that, they can act as oncogenic survival factors.¹⁵ In addition, PIM kinases control several signaling pathways that are responsible for cancer progression, proliferation and drug resistance.^16,17 PIM-1 and PIM-2 have been revealed to be over expressed in several hematological and solid tumors,^18–20 while PIM-3 is highly explicit in pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer. Meanwhile, several adenocarcinomas have been shown elevated levels of all PIM kinases.²¹ Thus, one promising strategy for cancer drug development suggested being the inhibition function of the overlapping and compensatory nature of PIM-1, PIM-2, and PIM-3. Many PIM inhibitors particularly PIM-1 inhibitors have been reported and some of them are already in clinical trials.²² The development of selective PIM-2 or PIM-3 inhibitors is challenging due to the high affinity of both PIM-2 and PIM-3 for ATP, and thus, only a small number of PIM-2 kinase inhibitors have been reported,^23–25 and to our knowledge, there are no selective PIM-3 inhibitors that have been described before. Recently, three reports have described the synthesis of inhibitors for all three PIM kinases.^26–28

The brominated oxo-indole alkaloid saccharomonosporine A (Fig. 1) was recently isolated from the co-culture of two marine-derived actinomycetes and displayed a potent antiproliferative activity towards a number of leukemia cell lines. Preliminary in vitro and in silico screening highlighted PIM-1 kinase as a possible target for this cytotoxic natural product.²⁹

Fig. 1 Design of the target compounds.

Literature survey showed that the marine alkaloid meridianin C, 4-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine, has an inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ value of 1.44 μM against PIM-1 kinase enzyme.³⁰ Lee et al. reported 3,5-bis(aminopyrimidinyl)indole derivatives at which aminopyrimidine was attached to 5-position of indole to provide meridianin C via two interactions with the side chains of both Lys 67 and Glu 89 of PIM-1.³¹

In 2015, a series of (Z)-3-functionalized oxo-indoles analogues to saccharomonosporine A were synthesized and they showed moderate selective inhibitory activity against PIM-1 kinase (IC₅₀ 5–10 μM)³² (Fig. 1). On the other hand, the natural (E)-3-functionalized oxo-indole, saccharomonosporine A was found to be more potent PIM-1 kinase inhibitor (IC₅₀ 0.3 μM), indicating that the (E)-3-functionalized oxo-indole scaffold of saccharomonosporine A is a promising lead for further development. These findings along with the quantity limitation of the naturally produced alkaloid encouraged us to synthesize a number of bioisosters (4–6) for saccharomonosporine A (Fig. 1). The design of this series based on maintaining the common pharmacophoric features shared by PIM kinase inhibitors which involve a flat heteroaromatic ring system to better occupy the ATP binding region of the kinase, a hydrogen bond acceptor represented by carbonyl moiety of indole ring that usually form hydrogen bonds with Lys 67 residues, and a substituted terminal aryl moiety to enhance the potency through possible additional interaction with the enzyme. All synthesized compounds were tested against all PIM kinases and three cancer cell lines namely lung adenocarcinoma H1650, human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29, the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60, and an ADME/Tox study was also carried out for them.

2. Results and discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The synthetic routs of the proposed compounds are outlined in Scheme 1. Our initial goal was to prepare(Z)-6-bromo-3-((2E,3E)-2-(hydroxyimino)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)but-3-enylidene)indolin-2-one (6). This was synthesized through the addition of benzylidene acetones with isatins in presence of catalytic amount of L-arginine at which the final hydroxyl product 4 was separated in a good yield. Compound 4 showed ¹H-NMR spectra indicated the products exists as the (E) stereoisomer (J = 16 Hz). Then, targeted compound 5 was obtained via the dehydration reaction of derivative 4 in the presence of CCl₄ and PPh₃ in moderate yield. The mass spectrum of the latter compound showed molecular ion peaks verified its molecular weight, and generated ionic fragments that confirmed its structure. In addition, the IR data exhibited absorption bands at 3395 (NH) and 1712, 1662 (2C=O). According to previous reports,^33,34 H-4 (δ_H 8.31 ppm) and H-8 (δ_H 7.45 ppm) chemical shifts suggest the E configuration at C-3/C-8 double bond. Furthermore, both E and Z conformers' energies were minimized and the distance between H-4, H-10, H-13 and H-14 were determined that were found to be less than 5 Å in E form and more in Z form, from this points the presence of ¹H–¹H NOESY correlations (cross-peaks) between H-4 and H-10, H-13 and H-14 together with their absence between H-4 and H-8 (Fig. 2, S1 and S2†) confirm the suggestion of E-form. Correlation plots between experimental and calculated chemical shifts (Fig. 3 and S3†) show a higher correlation in the case of E isomer, with R² of 0.9607 (R² = 0.901, for Z isomer) (Fig. S4†). Additionally, the calculated relative energy of compound 5 (40.1537 kcal mol⁻¹) was lower if it was in the E configuration. From previous observations and theoretical calculations, the E configuration at C-3/C-8 double bond is unambiguously determined. Moreover, the final oxime derivative 6 was afforded by reacting of compound 5 with NH₂OH·HCl in a high yield. This was confirmed by ¹H-NMR spectra that indicate the appearance of singlet proton for oxime hydroxyl group at δ 10.41 ppm.

Scheme 1 Reagents and conditions: (a) CH₃COCH₃, H₂O, 0.5% NaOH, r.t. overnight; (b) 10% L-Arg, MeOH, r.t., overnight; (c) CCl₄, PPh₃, THF, reflux, overnight, (d) NH₂OH·HCl, EtOH, pyridine, reflux, 6 h.

Fig. 2 (A and B) ¹H–¹H NOESY correlations of compound 5.

Fig. 3 Theoretical calculations of ¹H NMR chemical shifts of compound 5 in E isomer.

2.2. PIM kinases enzyme inhibition

All the synthesized compounds 4–6 as well as the natural Sach A were tested for their ability to inhibit all PIM kinases (1–3) using quercetin as a reference compound, and the results in terms of IC₅₀ were shown in Table 1 and represented graphically in Fig. 4.

Table 1 PIM kinase inhibitory activity of compounds (4–6) together with Sach A

Compound number	IC50 (μM)
	PIM-1	PIM-2	PIM-3
4	1.62 ± 0.02	2.46 ± 0.025	1.74 ± 0.022
5	0.37 ± 0.011	0.41 ± 0.012	0.3 ± 0.026
6	0.47 ± 0.013	0.22 ± 0.01	0.36 ± 0.012
Sach A	0.3 ± 0.02	0.51 ± 0.011	0.47 ± 0.012
Querecitin	0.86 ± 0.01	0.64 ± 0.01	0.83 ± 0.013

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Fig. 4 IC₅₀ in μM of compounds 4–6 and Sach A on all PIM kinases (1–3).

All the tested compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against the three PIM kinase isoforms (IC₅₀ 0.22–2.46 μM). Both compounds 5 and 6 showed comparable inhibitory activity to Sach A (IC₅₀ 0.22–0.47 μM), with an overall improvement, particularly against both PIM-2 and PIM-3. Compound 4 was the least active one (IC₅₀ 1.62–2.46 μM), indicating that a planer structure is an important feature for the highly potent inhibitory activity. The previous report³² on similar C3-functionalized oxo-indole derivatives were significantly less active in comparison to our studied ones, suggesting that an E configuration around the double bond at C-3 is also an essential structural feature to obtain potent inhibitors. Based on these results, compound 5 was selected as a lead compound for further study because of its best potency against PIM kinases.

2.3. Antiproliferative activity

Three cancer cell lines namely lung adenocarcinoma H1650, the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 and the human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cell lines were chosen to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of the three synthesized compounds (Table 2). Compounds 5 and 6 displayed potent antiproliferative activity against HL-60 and HT-29 cells (IC₅₀ 1.4, 1.7 and 3.3, 3.9 μM, respectively) compared to the reported values of cytotoxic activity of Sach A.²⁹ While all the synthesized compounds don't show any activity against lung adenocarcinoma H1650 which came in accordance with the previously reported anti-proliferative activity of Sach A. These results adhere with the PIM kinase enzyme inhibition results.

Table 2 Antiproliferative activity of synthesized compounds together with Sach A. against H1650, HL-60, and HT-29 cancer cells

Compound number	IC50 ± S.D.^a (μM)
	H1650	HL-60	HT-29
a Values are a mean of 3 independent experiments.
4	>100	22.9	25.3
5	>100	1.4	1.7
6	>100	3.3	3.9
Sach A	>100	2.8 ± 0.74	3.6 ± 0.55

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2.4. Docking study

For better understanding of the potency of compound 5 and guiding further SAR studies, we evaluated the interaction between all the synthesized compounds and PIM kinases (PIM-1, PIM-2 and PIM-3). The binding affinity score of the poses in addition to its orientation into the active site is selected in a manner similar to the co-crystallized ligands orientation; and keeping the binding interactions, especially hydrogen bond formation and hydrophobic groups. The estimated binding affinity of the co-crystallized ligand of PIM-1 kinase (3UMW) was −8.011 kcal mol⁻¹ with of complex hydrogen network and also a number of amino acids including, Glu 121, Lys 67, Glu 171 and Asp 128, thereby giving an evidence about the importance of hydrogen bond formation for effective enzyme binding. Modeling studies suggest that E isomer of compound 5 that showed IC₅₀ 0.37 μM binds to the active site of PIM-1 kinase with a binding affinity −6.248 kcal mol⁻¹ via strong hydrogen-bonding interaction of its carbonyl group with Lys 67 amino acid (Fig. 5). In addition, two hydrophobic interactions with residues Val 52 were observed. As for the synthesized derivative 4 with a binding affinity −4.984 kcal mol⁻¹ with one hydrophobic interaction with Val 52 that is consistent with the higher IC₅₀ value (IC₅₀ 1.62 μM). In case of PIM-2 kinase (PDB code 4X7Q), compound 5 with binding affinity score −5.854 kcal mol⁻¹ forms hydrophobic interactions with Val 46 and Ile 141 with its indole ring in addition to another interaction of methoxy substituted phenyl ring with Leu 38. Regarding PIM-3 kinase binding site residues, Ser 367 made hydrogen bond interaction with NH group of indole moiety of derivative 5 in addition to two hydrophobic interactions of both phenyl rings via Thr 371 and Arg 312 amino acids. Furthermore, the results of docking were consistent with IC₅₀ value of compound 4, which forms one hydrophobic interaction with amino acids residues Pro 204 (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5 Comparison between binding sites of compound 5 within crystal structure of PIM-1 (PDB code 3 UMW), PIM-2 (PDB code 4X7Q) and modeled PIM-3. (A and B) active site of PIM-1 shows some hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction with important active site residues. (C and D) Small hydrophobic active site of PIM-2 have Leu 38, Val 46, and Ile 141. All of these residues are conserved in PIM-1. (E and F) Binding site of PIM-3 also contains some hydrophobic residues.

2.5. Homology modeling

3D structure of PIM-3 was obtained by homology model, using Swiss model software (Fig. 6). The sequence identity of 100% with the 3D structure of human PIM-1 protein (PDB code 4JX3) was used as template for homology model generation. Validation of the model was carried out by using QMEAN scoring function, and DFIRE. Additionally, in order to guarantee the correct modeling of the target protein, other tools for local model quality are taken into consideration which are graphical plots of ANOLEA mean force potential, GROMOS empirical force field energy and the neural network-based approach. It was found that both the target and the template indicated the close structural identity with their RMSD values 0.77 Å. This encouraged us to further used this model in this study.

Fig. 6 Generated homology model of PIM-3 kinase.

2.6. In silico molecular and ADME properties

In most drug discovery projects sorting out the ADME/T issues is the most challenging part of the project as pharmacokinetic (ADME) and pharmacodynamic (e.g., toxicological) properties (drug-likeness) are of great importance during pre-clinical evaluation to optimize a lead compound into a successful drug candidate, and to minimize attrition rates during clinical trials.

A drug-like molecule (DLM) possesses the physicochemical properties that might enable it to become a drug should a disease-modifying receptor be identified. Generally speaking, an orally available molecule that satisfies Lipinski's rule (Lipinski-compliant) and shows a balance between lipophilicity and hydrophilicity would qualify it to be a drug-like molecule.³⁵

An orally active compound should obey both Lipinski's and Veber's rules, as shown from Table 3, compound 5 followed all Lipinski's and Veber's rules. Yet both compounds 4 & 6 obeys all Lipinski's and Veber's rules with one exception have higher ASA_P value than the acceptable level. However, the overall drug-likeness properties are excellent which highlight their potential to pass the drug development process.

Table 3 Compliance of the synthesized compounds to Lipinski's and Veber's rules

Compound	log P (o/w) (<5)	MW (<500)	a_acc^a (≤10)	a_don^b (≤5)	B_rotN^c (≤10)	ASA_P^d (<140 Å)
a Number of hydrogen-bond acceptors (a_acc).b Number of hydrogen-bond donors (a_don).c Number of rotatable bonds (B_rotN).d Polar surface area (ASA_P).
4	3.248	402.244	4	2	5	163.022
5	4.229	384.229	3	1	4	140.683
6	4.475	399.244	4	2	4	167.762
Sach A	4.33	383.039	3	2	4	158.075

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Moreover, all the target compounds were predicted for pharmacokinetic properties, namely, blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration, gastrointestinal absorption, solubility, inhibition of CYP2D6, and bioavailability. All the target compounds in addition to saccharomonosporin A showed good BBB penetration, high GIT absorption, moderately water solubility, no inhibition of CYP2D6 except for compound 4, and bioavailability of 0.55 (Table 4).

Table 4 Predicted ADME profiles of the synthesized compounds

Compound	BBB^a	GIT absorption^b	Solubility^c	CYP2D6^d	Bioavailability score^e
a Predicts ability of the compound to penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB) according to the yolk of the boiled egg.b Predicts gastrointestinal absorption according to the white of the boiled egg.c Predicts the solubility of each compound in water. Levels <−10, <−6, <−4, <−2, <0 correspond to insoluble, poorly soluble, moderately soluble, soluble, very soluble, respectively.d Predicts the cytochrome P450, 2D6 inhibition.e Predicts the bioavailability score.
4	Yes	High	−4.24	Yes	0.55
5	Yes	High	−4.33	No	0.55
6	Yes	High	−4.92	No	0.55
Sach A	Yes	High	−4.57	No	0.55

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Toxicity screening results of preADMET for the synthesized compounds and Sach A showed mutagenicity against AMES with medium risk of hERG_inhibition. The target derivatives showed negative TA100_NA stain and for the other strains used namely TA1535_10RLl and TA1535_NA. Moreover, the oxime 6 showed no potential rodent carcinogenicity except against rat which the rest of the compounds lacked. Also, only compound 4 has a slight increase in the toxicity value against algeae_at, daphnia_at, medaka_at & minnow_at, Table 5. The results of in silico screening highlights that derivative 4 was the most toxic analogue while both derivatives 5 & 6 have more positive results when compared with the natural analogue Sach A.

Table 5 Toxicity profile of the target compounds using Toxicity Prediction of preADMET protocol

Molecule	4	5	6	Sach A
Algae_at	0.0255	0.0215	0.015	0.016
Ames_test	Mutagen	Mutagen	Mutagen	Mutagen
Carcino_Mouse	Positive	Positive	Negative	Positive
Carcino_Rat	Negative	Positive	Positive	Positive
Daphnia_at	0.0485	0.024	0.021	0.022
hERG_inhibition	Medium risk	Medium risk	Medium risk	Medium risk
Medaka_at	0.005	0.001	0.001	0.001
Minnow_at	0.019	0.003	0.003	0.003
TA100_10RLl	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative
TA100_NA	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
TA1535_10RLl	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
TA1535_NA	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative

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3. Experimental

3.1. Chemicals and instrumental analysis

Starting materials and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Acros Organics. Melting points were recorded on Gallen Kamp apparatus and were uncorrected. FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu IR 435 spectrophotometer. ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded in δ scale given in ppm on a Varian 400 MHz, spectrophotometer. Coupling patterns are described as follows: s, singlet; d, doublet, dd, doubled doublet; t, triplet; m, multiplet. J describes a coupling constant. The coupling constants were rounded off to one decimal place. MS spectra mass were recorded on Hewlett Packard 5988 spectrometer (70 eV). Elemental analysis was performed at the Microanalytical Center, Al-Azhar University.

3.1.1. Synthesis of benzylidene acetones (2). To a stirred solution of 1 (10 mmol) in 2 mL acetone and 1 mL, H₂O was added 0.25 mL 10% aqueous NaOH and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The residue that obtained after removal of the solvent under reduced pressure was treated with diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were dried using MgSO₄, then filtered and the crude product used without further crystallization in the next step after concentrating the filtrate under vacuum.
6-Bromoindoline-2,3-dione (3), 6-bromoisatin. By adjusting the temperature at 35 °C, chloral hydrate (5 g, 0.03 mol) and Na₂SO₄ (35 g) were dissolved in water (70 mL) and warmed in a 500 mL beaker. This was followed by the addition of a warm solution of the 3-bromo aniline (0.276 mol) in water (20 mL), and a concentrated HCl (30 mL) in which a white precipitate of the amine sulfate was formed. After that, hydroxylamine hydrochloride (6.1 g) dissolved in water (27.5 mL) was warmed at the same temperature and added to the previous mixture. The mixture was stirred and heated on a hot plate at 80–90 °C for 2 h and then allowed to cool for 1 h, by which time the temperature had fallen to 50 °C and filtered. 100 mL H₂O was added to the pale cream product with stirring so that the whole mixture washed to filter. Drying overnight at 40 °C gave the isonitrosoacetanilide intermediate (Scheme 1).

The dry isonitrosoacetanilide was added portion-wise over 30 min to sulfuric acid (100 mL) in a 500 mL beaker after warming on a hot plate to 60 °C with strong stirring such that the temperature did not exceed 65 °C. The temperature was raised to 80 °C and the mixture was heated for 15 min, and then cooled to 70 °C. The solution was poured on to crushed ice (500 mL) and left to stand for 1 h before filtering the orange-red precipitate. The product was further washed by water (40 mL) with stirring and filtered to give a mixture of 6-bromoisatin and 4-bromoisatin. The crude product was dissolved in a 10% aqueous solution of NaOH (20 mL) at 60 °C and then acidified with acetic acid (6 mL). After standing 0.5 h and cooling to 35 °C, the 4-bromoisatin precipitate was filtered and washed with water (5 mL). A concentrated HCl solution (6 mL) was used for acidification of the combined filtrate and washings in which the precipitated 6-bromoisatin was filtered off and washed with water (5 mL) after standing for 2 h at 5 °C to yield 49% as reported.

3.1.2. Synthesis of (E)-6-bromo-3-hydroxy-3-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enyl) indolin-2-one (4). A mixture of 6-bromoisatin (3) (0.1 mmol), (E)-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one (2a, 0.1 mmol), arginine (0.01 mmol) in MeOH (1.0 mL) was stirred for 48 hours at 25 °C. The reaction was confirmed to completion by (TLC), after that, the solvent was reduced under pressure. The crude solid was purified by crystallization from petroleum ether/ethyl acetate to afford 4. Yellow solid, yield 89%, mp 188–190 °C; ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.67 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dd, J = 8 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 2.31 (s, 2H); FT-IR (ν_max, cm⁻¹): 3351 (OH), 3254 (NH), 1706, 1650 (2C=O); MS (M_w: 402.24): m/z 402.99 (M⁺, 7.10%), 383.09 (6.84%), 356.05 (76.65%), 63.26 (100%); anal. calcd for C₁₉H₁₆BrNO₄: C, 56.73; H, 4.01; N, 3.84; found: C, 57.01; H, 4.23; N, 3.69.

3.1.3. Synthesis of (E)-6-bromo-3-((E)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enylidene)indolin-2 one (5). To a solution of (4) (0.2 mmol) in anhydrous THF (4 mL), triphenylphosphine (Ph₃P) (78.7 mg, 0.3 mmol) and catalytic amount of CCl₄ (0.1 mL) were added. The solution was refluxed for 12 hours. Then the solvent was evaporated under vacuum after completion of the reaction (TLC). The crude product was crystallized from ethanol to obtain 5 as crystals. Red solid, yield 75%, mp 266–268 °C; ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.98 (s, 1H), 8.33 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dd, J = 8 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H); FT-IR (ν_max, cm⁻¹): 3395, (NH), 1712, 1662 (2C=O); MS (M_w: 383.02): 385.08 (M + 2, 100%), 383.08 (M⁺, 92.65%), 356.07 (48.56%); anal. calcd for C₁₉H₁₄BrNO₃: C, 59.39; H, 3.67; N, 3.65; found: C, 59.56; H, 3.73; N, 3.91 (S5–S7†).

3.1.4. Synthesis of (E)-6-bromo-3-((2E,3E)-2-(hydroxyimino)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)but-3-enylidene)indolin-2-one (6). A mixture of (5) (0.1 mmol) NH₂OH·HCl (0.2 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) and pyridine (0.2 mmol) was refluxed for 6 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC till its completion, removal of ethanol was carried out by distillation. The oxime crystals were obtained by adding a minimum amount of water to the residue in an ice bath with stirring. The oxime solid was filtered off & dried. Recrystallization of the product was done using ethanol. Buff solid, yield 86%, mp 160–162 °C; ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ ppm 10.41 (s, 1H), 9.01 (s, 1H), 8.65 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 16 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J = 8 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H); FT-IR (ν_max, cm⁻¹): 3363 (OH), 3263 (NH), 1615 (C=O); MS (M_w: 399.24): m/z 399.26 (M⁺, 33.26%), 401.67 (M + 2, 48.32%), 310.82 (59.52%), 71.42 (100%); anal. calcd for C₁₉H₁₅BrN₂O₃: C, 57.16; H, 3.79; N, 7.05; found: C, 57.34; H, 3.68; N, 7.30.

3.2. Biological evaluation

3.2.1. PIM-1 & PIM-2 kinase assay. The kinase activity was measured following the manufacturer's instructions; ADP-Glo™ Kinase Assay; which is a luminescent kinase assay that measures ADP formed from a kinase reaction; ADP is converted into ATP, which is converted into light by Ultra-Glo™ Luciferase. The luminescent signal positively correlates with ADP amount and kinase activity. The assay is well suited for measuring the effects chemical compounds have on the activity of a broad range of purified kinases making it ideal for both primary screening as well as kinase selectivity profiling. The ADP-Glo™ Kinase Assay can be used to monitor the activity of virtually any ADP-generating enzyme (e.g., kinase or ATPase) using up to 1 mM ATP. Dilute enzyme, substrate, ATP and inhibitors in kinase buffer then add to the wells of 384 low volume plate the following: 1 μL of inhibitor or (5% DMSO), 2 μL of enzyme and 2 μL of substrate/ATP mix. Incubate at room temperature for 60 minutes then add 5 μL of ADP-Glo™ Reagent and incubate at room temperature for 40 minutes. Finally, add 10 μL of Kinase Detection Reagent and incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes. Record luminescence (integration time 0.5–1 second).

3.2.2. PIM-3 kinase assay. Thaw [³³P]-ATP Assay Cocktail in shielded container in a designated radioactive working area. Thaw the active PIM-3, kinase assay buffer, and substrate and kinase dilution buffer on ice. In a pre-cooled microfuge tube, add the following reaction components bringing the initial reaction volume up to 20 μL which are 10 μL of diluted active PIM-3, 5 μL of 1 mg mL⁻¹ stock solution of substrate, 5 μL distilled H₂O. Set up the blank control as outlined previously, excluding the addition of the substrate. Replace the substrate with an equal volume of distilled H₂O. Initiate the reaction by the addition of 5 μL [³³P]-ATP Assay Cocktail bringing the final volume up to 25 μL and incubate the mixture in a water bath at 30 °C for 15 minutes. After the 15 minutes incubation period, terminate the reaction by spotting 20 μL of the reaction mixture onto individual pre-cut strips of phosphocellulose P81 paper. Air-dry the pre-cut P81 strip and sequentially wash in a 1% phosphoric acid solution (dilute 10 mL of phosphoric acid and make a 1 L solution with distilled H₂O) with constant gentle stirring. It is recommended that the strips be washed a total of 3 intervals for approximately 10 minutes each. Count the radioactivity on the P81 paper in the presence of scintillation fluid in a scintillation counter. Determine the corrected cpm by removing the blank control value for each sample and calculate the kinase specific activity according to the following equations:

Calculation of [P³³]-ATP specific activity (SA) (cpm pmol⁻¹)

Specific activity (SA) = cpm for 5 μL [³³P]-ATP/pmoles of ATP (in 5 μL of a 250 μM ATP stock solution, i.e. 1250 pmol).

Kinase specific activity (SA) (pmol min⁻¹ μg⁻¹ or mmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹)

Corrected cpm from reaction/[(SA of ³³P-ATP) × (reaction time in min) × (enzyme amount in μg or mg)] × [(reaction volume)/(spot volume)].

3.2.3. MTT assay. All the three cell lines namely lung adenocarcinoma H1650, human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29, the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 were supplied from the American Type Cell Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Cell proliferation was evaluated in cell lines by the MTT assay in triplicates. 104 cells were plated in a 96-well microtiter plate in a final volume of 100 μL of culture medium. Cells were treated for 24 h with test compound at 37 °C with 5% CO₂. After treatment, the cells were immediately incubated with 10 μL MTT (5.0 mg mL⁻¹) for 4 h at 37 °C. The cells were then lysed in 100 μL of lysis buffer (isopropanol, conc. HCl and Triton X100) for 10 min at room temperature and 300 rpm shaking. The enzymatic reduction of MTT to formazan crystals that dissolved in DMSO was quantified by photometry at 570 nm.

3.2.4. Molecular modeling studies. Molecular modeling studies were carried out using MOE of (Chemical Computing Group software, Canada). The crystal structures of PIM-1 and PIM-2 kinases were extracted from protein data bank with PDB ID 3UMW and 4X7Q, respectively.³⁶ As for PIM-3, its 3D structure was generated by homology modeling due to its unavailability in the protein data bank. All the PIM kinases structures were checked for missing atoms as well as protonated and energy minimized individually in the MMFF94× force field at a gradient value of 0.05. The binding affinities and modes of the ligands were redocked into the binding site of the PIM kinase enzymes to guarantee the reliability of the docking process. After that, the top conformation of ligands was generated by MOE and the results compared to the crystal structure-bound conformations. This procedure was performed three times and RMSD between the docked ligand conformer and its kinase target was less than 2 to afford reproducible results. Docking was carried out individually for each PIM kinase and the target compounds. In this study, docking protocol was used as a docking program³⁷ with applying Proxy triangle methodology.³⁸ The docked poses are ranked by alpha HB scoring function, refined and rescored to remove the duplicate conformations in the same force filed. At the end of docking process, the lowest energy aligned conformation(s) were recognized to study the binding affinity of the synthesized compounds and the three PIM kinases.

3.2.5. Molecular descriptor analysis. Molecular properties of the synthesized compounds were calculated using “Calculate” module of MOE of (Chemical Computing Group software, Canada). These descriptors include MW, number of hydrogen-bond acceptors (a_acc), number of hydrogen-bond donors (a_don), an octanol/water partition coefficient (log P), and number of rotatable bonds (B_rotN), polar surface area (ASA_P).

3.2.6. ADME studies. In silico ADME profiling were measured using the online website “http://www.swissadme.ch/”. The calculated ADME descriptors include BBB, GIT absorption, solubility, inhibition of CYP2D6, and bioavailability score.

3.2.7. Toxicity profiling. Toxicity profiling was conducted using PreADMET program software version 2.0. Toxicity profile involves screening for acute algae toxicity, AMES (activity in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity) carcinogenicity (mouse and rat), acute Daphnia toxicity, in vitro hERG inhibition, and acute fish toxicity.

3.2.8. Calculations of ¹H NMR chemical shifts. For validation of these assignments, theoretical calculations of ¹H NMR chemical shifts were performed in a software MestReNova 14.1.1 (MestreLab Research S.L., 2017). Theoretical relative energy calculations were performed in ChemBioDrawa 12.1 software.

4. Conclusion

In this study, analogues for saccharomonosporine A were designed and synthesized via a simple straightforward method as PIM kinase inhibitors. All the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their PIM kinases inhibitory activity, which revealed the significant inhibition of derivative 5 with IC₅₀ of 0.37, 0.41 & 0.30 μM against PIM-1, 2 & 3, respectively. Moreover, the molecular docking of the active analogue revealed its ability to bind into the active site of PIM-1 via hydrogen bond interaction with Lys 67 amino acid and two hydrophobic interactions with residues Val 52. Furthermore, its binding interaction with PIM-2 kinase via Ile 181, Val 46 & Leu 38 was consistent with its significant PIM-2 inhibitory effect. Homology modeling was carried out to obtain 3D structure of PIM-3, which was further used to study the interaction of the designed molecules in its binding site. Finally, ADMET study showed the drug like properties and pharmacokinetics properties for both analogues 5 & 6 with the least toxic prediction values compared to the hydroxylated derivative 4.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

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Footnote

† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10216g

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