Environmental influences on quality features of Oviductus Ranae in the Changbai Mountains

Abstract

This work studied the influences of environmental factors on the quality features of Oviductus Ranae. Oviductus Ranae is mainly produced in the Changbai Mountains. The samples of Oviductus Ranae were collected from 24 different locations, which covered the main producing areas. The environmental parameters were assessed using a digital raingauge, GPS, a thermometer, and an atmospheric pressure-altimeter. The quality features including expansion degree, ethanol extract, total water, total ash, and five steroid components, of the collected Oviductus Ranae samples were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the cholesterol content in the samples collected from the Yanbian Korean region was slightly higher than the others. Samples collected from the Huadian area exhibited much higher contents of 7-hydroxycholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol than the rest of the producing areas. The highest content of cholest-4-en-3-one came from the samples collected from Dandong. The contents of 7-keto-cholesterol in samples from different regions were very close. The highest ethanol extract was from the samples in Tonghua. The correlations between the quality features and environmental factors were analyzed by SPSS (version 25.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The results showed that the content of cholest-4-en-3-one was related to the annual average temperature. The total water was correlated with the annual precipitation. 7-Hydroxycholesterol and expansion degree were related to the altitude. The results indicated that environmental factors have certain influences on the quality features.

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1. Introduction

The dried oviduct of mature female Rana temporaria chensinensis David is termed as Oviductus Ranae which is usually used as a raw material for nutraceuticals (Fig. 1).^1,2 Rana temporaria chensinensis David is widely distributed in the Changbai Mountains and is a delicious dish. Oviductus Ranae is one of the most valuable parts of Rana temporaria chensinensis David, known for its high nutritional value properties, such as tonifying kidney essence, nourishing yin and moistening the lungs, improving immunity, and being anti-fatigue.^3,4 Currently, there are multiple food forms of Oviductus Ranae such as beverages, canned foods, and soup (Fig. 1). Oviductus Ranae was initially recorded in Bencao Tujing and the Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu or Pen-tsao Kang-mu), and was a royal tribute in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.^1,5 Recent studies have shown that Oviductus Ranae has antitussive, and expectorant activities, and inhibits cancer cell proliferation.^6,7 Because of these features, Oviductus Ranae is endowed with the reputation of being referred to as “soft gold”.^8,9

Fig. 1 (Left) The dried Oviductus Ranae. (Right) The Oviductus Ranae soup.

According to reports, the quality evaluation of Oviductus Ranae is based on the degree of expansion, ethanol extract, total ash, total water, analysis of steroid components, etc.^10,11 As an important nutrient, steroids played an important role in the quality of Oviductus Ranae.^12–14 Among them, cholesterol, as a component of cell membrane, is of great significance in maintaining human metabolism.^15,16 7-Hydroxycholesterol has a therapeutic effect on traumatic epilepsy and inhibition of reactive astrocyte proliferation.¹⁷ Meanwhile, 7-hydroxycholesterol double half succinate has anti-proliferation and anti-teratogenesis activities.¹⁸ 7-keto-Cholesterol is one of the main oxidation products of cholesterol in vivo. It has the function of inhibiting the growth of tumor cells and can also regulate the signal transduction of lens cells.^19,20 Cholest-4-en-3-one, as the cholesterol oxidation product, was reported anti-obesity, the treatment of liver disease, and preventing skin keratinizing.^21–23 7-Dehydrolactam is used to synthesize vitamin D3 intermediate.²⁴ The chemical structures of the five major steroidal components were shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Chemical structures of steroidal components of Oviductus Ranae: A cholesterol, B 7-hydroxycholesterol, C 7-keto-cholesterol, D cholest-4-en-3-one, and E 7-dehydrocholesterol.

The quality features of food are closely related to environmental factors, and chemometrics can be used to identify the food qualities.^25–28 The qualities features of Oviductus Ranae from different producing regions in Changbai Mountains are varied due to the influences of environmental factors such as altitude, humidity, sunshine duration, and ambient temperatures. So far, research on Oviductus Ranae has mainly focused on component studies,^8,13 authenticity identification,^29,30 and pharmacological toxicology evaluation.^9,31 The nutrient contents in Oviductus Ranae may vary because of the origins and climates.^32,33 Herein we investigated the influence of multiple environmental factors on quality features of Oviductus Ranae in Changbai Mountains. Multivariate linear analysis and grey correlation analysis showed the relationships between the quality features and environmental factors.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

24 batches of Oviductus Ranae were collected from Changbai Mountains, which was authenticated by Professor Dacheng Jiang from Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The collection sites and environments of Oviductus Ranae were shown in Table 1. Oviductus Ranae was crushed to powder in an HX-200 High Speed Chinese Medicine Crusher (Zhejiang Yongkang Xi'an Hardware Medicine Factory). The weight was measured using CPA-225D Electronic Analysis Balance (Sartorius Scientific Instrument (Beijing) Co., Ltd.). Swelling capacity was measured using a Swelling Measurement Tube (Sichuan Water Instrument Co., Ltd.). The Anglient 1260 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was equipped with a DAD detector (G1315B), automatic sampling device (G1329B) and a column temperature controller. The geographic parameters were collected using LB-1300 Rainfall Measuring Instrument (Qingdao Lubo Jianye Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd.), G120BD Beidou Handheld GPS Locator (Beijing Yile Zhichuang Technology Co., Ltd.), Aiwosi W8 digital thermometer (Shenzhen Aiwosi Technology Co., Ltd.). The environmental factors were shown in Fig. 3 and Table 1. Standard compounds A, B, C, D, and E were purchased from EFA Biotechnology Limited company, Chengdu province, purity > 98%. Methanol was chromatographic grade, and other reagents (Beijing chemical industry factory) were analytical grade.

Table 1 Environmental factors of 24 Oviductus Ranae habitats

No.	Habitats	Batch number	Altitude (m)	Annual average temperature (°C)	Annual average precipitation (mm)	Longitude E	Latitude N
S1	Yanbian	201601	1000	6.5	600.0	129.30	43.31
S2	Yanbian	201602	300	5.6	573.6	129.00	42.55
S3	Yanbian	201603	343	5.2	574.0	129.15	43.33
S4	Yanbian	201604	630	1.7	730.0	128.90	43.27
S5	Yanbian	201605	720	1.9	670.0	128.57	42.73
S6	Yanbian	201606	332	5.2	574.0	129.27	43.12
S7	Yanbian	201607	300	4.9	680.0	129.20	43.55
S8	Tonghua	201608	1000	5.0	755.5	126.20	42.08
S9	Tonghua	201609	310	4.5	900.0	126.40	41.35
S10	Tonghua	201610	600	6.5	900.0	126.30	41.20
S11	Huadian	201611	340	3.9	748.1	126.77	43.15
S12	Huadian	201612	650	6.4	750.0	126.85	43.28
S13	Huadian	201613	640	5.1	748.4	126.67	43.32
S14	Huadian	201614	330	5.1	748.4	126.82	42.98
S15	Huadian	201615	480	5.4	750.0	127.13	42.83
S16	Baishan	201501	610	3.9	838.2	127.83	42.60
S17	Baishan	201616	631	3.3	948.0	127.47	42.30
S18	Baishan	201502	710	3.0	1099.0	127.00	42.70
S19	Baishan	201617	650	3.9	838.2	127.83	42.70
S20	Baishan	201618	606	4.2	841.9	126.88	42.37
S21	Mudanjiang	201503	480	3.6	516.0	128.83	44.53
S22	Mudanjiang	201504	520	3.7	530.0	130.52	44.92
S23	Dandong	201505	450	9.0	1000.0	124.38	40.12
S24	Dandong	201701	420	8.8	1020.0	124.36	40.76

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Fig. 3 The geographic locations of collected samples. Note: the schematic map showed the Changbai Mountain areas.

2.2. Physicochemical analysis of Oviductus Ranae

In this work, physicochemical analysis of 24 batches of Oviductus Ranae samples were investigated. The expansion degree, the ethanol extract, total water, and total ash inspection were determined.

2.2.1. Swelling capacity. 24 batches of Oviductus Ranae were crushed using HX-200 High Speed Chinese Medicine Crusher and filtered via a 60 mesh sieve. Three dilatometer tubes were dried in advance ultrapurified water (25 mL) was added to each dilatometer. Three parallel operated Oviductus Ranae samples (each 0.1 g) were placed to three dilatometers (length 160 mm, inner diameter 16 mm). The swelling capacity parameters were recorded every 4 hours until the difference was less than 0.1 mL. The swelling capacity was calculated using the equation as following.
Note: V is the volume change (mL) of the swollen sample, W is the sample mass (g); S is the swelling capacity (mL g⁻¹).

2.2.2. Ethanol extract. 2.0 g of Oviductus Ranae samples were accurately weighed and placed in a 100 mL round-bottom flask. 50 mL of ethanol was added to the flask. The sample was heated to keep boiling for 1 hour. After cooling and filtering, 25 mL of the filtrate was concentrated using water bath. The residue was dried in the vacuum drying oven for 24 h.
Note: m₁: weight of extract and evaporating dish, m₂: evaporating dish weight m₃ weight of test product, V: volume.

2.2.3. Total water. 2.0 g of Oviductus Ranae samples were placed in the weighing bottle and weighed m₁. The weighing bottle was put in an oven at 105 °C for 5 h. After cooling to room temperature, the bottle was weighed again. Repeating the above process, until the difference between the two continuous weight less than 0.05 mg and was recorded m₂. The m was the weight of Oviductus Ranae.

2.2.4. Total ash. 2.0 g of Oviductus Ranae samples were placed in a crucible and the crucible's weight was m₁. The crucible was put into furnace and heated slowly to 300 °C. Once the Oviductus Ranae samples were converted to charcoal, the temperature was increased to 600 °C until all samples were completely carbonized. After cooling to room temperature, the weight was recorded as m₂. The m was the weight of Oviductus Ranae.

2.3. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of steroids

2.3.1. Preparation of test solution. Powder Oviductus Ranae samples were filtered through 40 mesh sieve. 2.0 g of the samples were added to 40 mL of the dichloromethane and sonicated to 20 min. After repeating the process three times, the extractions were combined. The solvent was removed in vacuum evaporator. The residue was added to a 2 mL volumetric flask and methanol. The solution was filtered through a 0.22 μm microporous filtration membrane.

2.3.2. Preparation of standard solution. Five standard steroids samples were prepared in methanol respectively as the following concentrations: the cholesterol content was 4.53 × 10³ μg mL⁻¹, the 7-hydroxycholesterol content was 1.46 × 10² μg mL⁻¹, the 7-keto cholesterol content was 54.2 μg mL⁻¹, the cholest-4-en-3-one content was 18.4 μg mL⁻¹, and the 7-dehydrocholesterol content was 10.0 μg mL⁻¹. The standard solution filtered through a 0.22 μm microporous membrane before injecting to the instrument.

2.3.3. Chromatographic conditions. The content of A, B, C, D, and E was measured using quantitative analysis of multicomponent by a single marker (QAMS) determination approach.¹³ Using A as the internal reference substance, the main steroids content was determined. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Venusil HC-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) using methanol and deionized water as mobile phase under the flow rate of 2.0 mL min⁻¹ at a wavelength of 205, 215, 240 nm. Methanol and deionized water were 87 : 13 as mobile phase. The column temperature was maintained at 35 °C and the injection volume was 10 μL. Quantification was carried out by the integration of each peak using the external standard method.

2.4. Statistical analysis

2.4.1. Gray correlation analysis. When applying gray correlation degree to evaluate the quality of Oviductus Ranae, first select the reference sequence and record the optimal reference sequence {X_sk} = max{1 ≤ s ≤ m}{X_ik}, and the worst reference sequence {X_tk} = min{1 ≤ t ≤ m}{X_ik} in 24 places in respect to the primary factors, taking the environmental factors as the sub-factor, the data was standardized, and the resolution coefficient was 0.5. The following equation was used to calculate the gray correlation coefficients between quality features and environmental factors of Oviductus Ranae from different regions.³⁴

Note: ε_kⁱ is the calculation result for optimum reference sequence and worst reference sequence. γ_i is the result of relative correlation degree.

2.4.2. Influence of multiple environmental factors on steroidal components. To explore the relationship between the quality of Oviductus Ranae and environmental factors, we conducted multiple linear regression of environmental factors and steroidal ingredients. Correlation coefficients between the contents of steroidal component and environmental factors were calculated. Multiple comparisons were used to compare the differences in the content of steroidal components from different regions. Stepwise multiple linear regressions were used to determine the dominant environmental factor impacting steroidal components. All statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS (version 25.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

2.4.3. Correlation analysis. To study the influence of environmental factors on steroid components, the post-sorting environmental factors (altitude, annual average temperature, annual precipitation, etc.) were used as independent variables, and steroid components were used as dependent variables. The results were shown in ESI.†

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Physicochemical analysis

Physicochemical analysis of Oviductus Ranae included expansion degree analysis, ethanol extract analysis, total water analysis, and total ash analysis.¹⁰ Those analyses can be used to assess the qualities of Oviductus Ranae.^35,36 The results showed that the expansion degrees of 24 batches of Oviductus Ranae were between 57 and 100 mL g⁻¹. All samples collected met the expansion requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The highest content of ethanol extract was 6.4% and the lowest content was 2.7%. Most of the ethanol extracts content were from 4.0% to 5.5%. There was no significant difference in the total water contents of the Oviductus Ranae samples in the main producing areas. The water contents in most areas were 10.0%–13.0%. The total ash contents were between 3.0% and 5.0% which were changed slightly. The results of physicochemical analysis are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Physicochemical analysis from 24 batches of Oviductus Ranae

No.	Expansion degree (mL g^−1)	Ethanol extract (%)	Total water (%)	Total ash (%)
S1	98.7	5.72	11.37	4.87
S2	61.3	4.45	10.25	3.99
S3	59.3	4.12	12.50	4.05
S4	67.0	4.18	14.74	3.66
S5	61.7	6.09	11.07	2.58
S6	76.0	4.21	13.65	4.76
S7	56.2	4.36	11.49	4.94
S8	91.3	5.18	10.96	4.15
S9	69.3	6.40	11.46	4.04
S10	57.0	4.37	12.80	3.80
S11	58.0	2.70	10.75	3.70
S12	93.2	5.33	17.96	4.70
S13	59.7	4.41	10.77	3.24
S14	57.7	4.55	12.09	4.81
S15	62.7	3.60	10.30	4.12
S16	62.3	3.82	13.56	3.01
S17	78.8	3.77	11.86	3.81
S18	73.8	5.59	7.84	3.69
S19	59.3	4.25	10.82	3.99
S20	79.0	4.30	11.28	5.35
S21	73.3	4.38	17.53	4.39
S22	72.7	3.14	10.52	4.30
S23	58.0	3.75	9.33	3.96
S24	60.0	3.42	8.91	4.07

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3.2. The contents analysis of steroidal components of Oviductus Ranae

Oviductus Ranae contains a variety of steroidal components, which have favourable effects in nourishment and anti-fatigue.⁴ Fig. 4 shows the obvious difference in the contents of D, with the highest content 4.93 (μg g⁻¹) in Dandong and the lowest 0.082 (μg g⁻¹) in Yanbian. The highest content is 60 times more than the lowest one. The ratios of the highest content to the lowest content for other quality features A, B, C and E, swelling, ethanol extract, total ash, and total water were 1 : 2.4, 1 : 15, 1 : 5, 1 : 19, 1 : 1.7, 1 : 2.4, 1 : 2, 1 : 2.3. The above results showed the difference of the contents of Oviductus Ranae in Changbai Mountains. Those differences might be due to the various of environmental factors. The relationship between the quality of the Oviductus Ranae and the place of origin Oviductus Ranae was not obvious through visual analysis. Therefore, chemometrics was used to investigate the corresponding relations.

Fig. 4 The analysis of quality features of Oviductus Ranae in Changbai mountains. Notes: S1–S7: Yanbian area, S8–S10: Tonghua area, S11–S15: Huadian area, S16–S20: Baishan area, S21 and S22: Mudanjiang area, S23 and S24: Dandong area.

The contents of quality features in different producing areas in Changbai Mountains were compared. The contents of A, B and E in Huadian were higher than that in other areas, but the content of C, an ingredient that causes atherosclerosis easily,^37,38 was lower than the others (Fig. 5a–c and e). D in Dandong and Huadian samples was higher than that in other areas (Fig. 5d). The content of ethanol extract in Tonghua area was slightly higher than that in other regions (Fig. 5g). C was slightly high in Mudanjiang areas (Fig. 5c). The regional differences in swelling, total water, and total ash were not obvious (Fig. 5h and i). The steroid contents of Oviductus Ranae in Huadian area were slightly higher than the others.

Fig. 5 Contents of Oviductus Ranae steroidal components coupled with geographical location. (a)–(e) are the steroids contents in different producing areas. (f)–(i) are physicochemical indicators in different producing areas. Notes: S1–S7: Yanbian area, S8–S10: Tonghua area, S11–S15: Huadian area, S16–S20: Baishan area, S21 and S22: Mudanjiang area, S23 and S24: Dandong area.

3.3. Gray correlation analysis (GCA)

GCA is a dynamically developing system based on the similarity or dissimilarity of the development trends among factors using the numerical relationship of each factor.³⁹ The method is simple, accurate, and reliable which can be used for quantitative analysis. GCA can overcome the shortcomings and limitations of correlation regression analysis and is therefore widely used to investigate the influences of environmental factors on food quality and safety.^40–43 The GCA results could be used to deduce the main environmental factors. The main environmental factors could be determined using the components of steroids as the primary factors and environmental factors as the sub-factors. Adjusting different environmental factors, the accumulation of steroidal ingredients may be impacted. The effect of environmental factors on the steroidal ingredients by gray correlation analysis was shown in the Table 3. If the relative correlation value is high, the influence is strong. Latitude had an obvious effect on A and E. Altitude had an obvious effect on B and C. The annual average temperature had a markable correlation with D.

Table 3 Gray correlation coefficients between the steroidal ingredients and related environmental factors^a

	A	B	C	D	E
a A cholesterol, B 7-hydroxycholesterol, C 7-keto-cholesterol, D cholest-4-en-3-one and E 7-dehydrocholesterol.
Altitude (m)	0.6637	0.7737	0.7417	0.7537	0.6637
Annual average temperature (°C)	0.7114	0.7137	0.6627	0.7998	0.7163
Annual precipitation (mm)	0.5711	0.6088	0.5566	0.7685	0.6581
Longitude	0.7613	0.6834	0.6406	0.7843	0.7272
Latitude	0.7644	0.6852	0.6438	0.7848	0.7305

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It can be seen from the Table 4 that the relative correlations between the 24 samples of the Changbai Mountains were 0.395–0.605, indicating that there was a significant difference in the quality of Oviductus Ranae from different producing areas. 10 Samples showed relative correlation greater than 0.5. The quality of these samples was higher than the others, which were mainly produced in Huadian area. Among them, the S14, S15, and S12 regions had the highest relative correlation which in the top three. The result is consistent with the evaluation of the Oviductus Ranae market. This work was more systematic and objective than a single component evaluation. It can also comprehensively reflect the quality of Oviductus Ranae in Changbai Mountains. At the same time, it provides clues for the selection of suitable habitats of Rana chensinensis.

Table 4 Quality sequencing of the 24 tested samples^a

No.	Relative relevance	Rank	No.	Relative relevance	Rank
a According to the result of gray correlation coefficients, we could conclude that the quality sequencing of the samples was S14 > S15 > S12 > S1 > S17 > S8 > S18 > S10 > S13 > S3 > S11 > S21 > S23 > S2 > S6 = S4 > S20 > S5 > S7 > S9 > S29.
S1	0.529	4	S13	0.507	9
S2	0.476	14	S14	0.605	1
S3	0.503	10	S15	0.558	2
S4	0.473	15	S16	0.465	18
S5	0.440	21	S17	0.528	5
S6	0.473	15	S18	0.513	7
S7	0.436	22	S19	0.395	24
S8	0.521	6	S20	0.468	17
S9	0.430	23	S21	0.495	12
S10	0.509	8	S22	0.445	20
S11	0.498	11	S23	0.487	13
S12	0.541	3	S24	0.464	19

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3.4. Multiple linear regression (MLR)

MLR is a mathematical tool that quantifies the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.⁴⁴ The correlation coefficient between steroidal components and various environmental factors is shown in Table 5. According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis, there was a certain correlation between different quality features of Oviductus Ranae and the environmental factors. Among components assessed in this work, altitude was positively correlated with B (p < 0.05) and expansion degree (p < 0.01) respectively (Fig. 6a and c). The Annual average temperature showed a remarkable positive correlation with the contents of D (p < 0.01) (Fig. 6b). Annual precipitation was negatively correlated with total water (p < 0.05) (Fig. 6d). The results were consistent with the results of the gray correlation analysis. The other environmental factors had little influence on the quality features.

Table 5 Correlation coefficients between steroidal components and environmental factors^a

	Altitude	Annual average temperature°C	Annual precipitation (mm)	Longitude	Latitude
a Values are Pearson correlation coefficients. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, values without asterisks are not significant at P < 0.05. A cholesterol, B 7-hydroxycholesterol, C 7-keto-cholesterol, D cholest-4-en-3-one and E 7-dehydrocholesterol.
A	−0.113	0.071	−0.132	0.117	0.230
B	0.460*	−0.224	0.009	0.030	0.300
C	0.212	−0.169	−0.092	0.089	0.123
D	−0.094	0.817**	0.416	−0.683	−0.539
E	−0.157	0.122	−0.104	−0.077	−0.073
Expansion degree	0.643**	−0.026	−0.142	0.152	0.205
Ethanol extract	0.390	−0.155	0.035	0.038	−0.085
Total water	−0.001	−0.181	−0.436*	0.302	0.411
Total ash	0.151	0.325	−0.224	0.114	0.172

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Fig. 6 Correlation between indicator components and environmental factors. (a) Showed the correlation of B and altitude, (b) showed the correlation of D and annual average temperature, (c) showed the correlation of expansion degree and altitude, (d) showed the correlation of total water and annual precipitation.

3.5. Analysis the of steroidal components and environmental factors

The samples collected were from the main producing area with altitude 200–1000 m. The contents of steroidal components other than D were relatively higher in 300–400 m altitude. At the range of about 620 m to 650 m altitude, the contents of steroidal components showed a zigzag line (Fig. S1†), which may because of the influence of the enrichment ability on this species under different pressures. In addition, the altitude ranges from 700 to 1000 m, the other four substances have an increasing tendency except for E (Fig. S1†). The annual precipitations in the Changbai Mountains were between 700 and 1400 mm. It was from June to September accounts for 60–70% of the annual precipitation. The annual average rainfall has a relatively stable effect on the enrichment ability of components except for A (Fig. S2†).

The Changbai Mountains belong to the temperate continental mountain climate which is affected by the monsoon. In addition to the characteristics of the general mountain climate, there are also obvious vertical climate changes. The annual sunshine hours are less than 2300 hours, and the annual average temperature is low. D enrichment ability has positive correlation with the annual average temperature. When the average temperature was less than 3.2 degrees Celsius, E and D were not affected by temperature. The other substances showed high concentrations. It may be due to the low temperature affected the enrichment ability of A by Rana chensinensis. B and C are converted from A. When the annual average temperature is higher than 6 degrees Celsius, steroidal components showed a decreasing trend except for D (Fig. S3†).

4. Conclusions

This work studies the influence that environmental factors (including altitude, annual average temperature, annual precipitation, latitude and longitude) on each quality indicator of Oviductus Ranae. The indicators contain expansion degree, ethanol extract, total water, total ash and steroids. Through gray correlation and multivariate linear analysis, the quality of Oviductus Ranae is closely related to altitude, annual average temperature and annual precipitation. Altitude has a positive correlation with the content of 7-hydroxycholesterol (B) and expansion degree, with altitude having a significant correlation on expansion degree. The annual average temperature has a significant positive correlation with the content of cholest-4-en-3-one (D), and annual precipitation has a negative correlation with total water. There is no correlation between the latitude and longitude, and it has little effect on the quality of Oviductus Ranae. The factors that comprehensively assess the quality of Oviductus Ranae are altitude > annual average temperature > annual precipitation ≫ latitude and longitude. In conclusion, this work firstly proposed that environmental factors have influence on the quality features of Oviductus Ranae. It provides a reference for the quality analysis of Oviductus Ranae and breeding of Rana temporaria chensinensis.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Jilin Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision, grant number DBXM085-2018 and Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jilin Province, grant number 2019153.

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Footnote

† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04823e

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