Jeremy K.
Cockcroft
*,
Jacqueline G. Y.
Li
and
Jeffrey H.
Williams§
*
Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, UCL, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK. E-mail: j.k.cockcroft@ucl.ac.uk
First published on 17th June 2019
Variable-temperature single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) has been used to probe the structure and dynamics of two solid adducts, viz. toluene:hexafluorobenzene (C6H5CH3:C6F6) and p-xylene (1,4-dimethyl benzene):hexafluorobenzene (p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6). A combination of PXRD patterns and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) traces of the solid adducts reveal two solid-state phase-transitions in each adduct: at 200 K and 246 K in C6H5CH3:C6F6 and at 230 K and 297 K in p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6. The crystal structures of all three solid phases in each adduct have been solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXD). The structures of both adducts are based on close-packed parallel columns of alternating methyl benzenes and hexafluorobenzene molecules packed face to face. The fundamental difference between the two adducts involves the presence or absence of rotational disorder of the methyl-substituted benzene rings. Whereas in p-xylene the presence of two methyl groups locks the orientation of the molecule with respect to the column axis in all phases, the single methyl group of toluene fails to define a unique orientation except in the lowest temperature phase III. At higher temperatures, C6H5CH3:C6F6 transforms to an adduct with, initially, two-fold disorder (in phase II) and then dynamic six-fold disorder that dominates the highest temperature phase (phase I). Differences in structure between the phases as a function of temperature illustrate the subtle interplay of quadrupole versus bond–dipole electrostatic interactions.
The simplest organic adduct containing a molecule with many C–F bonds, and without strong hydrogen bonding is the 1:1 adduct of benzene (C6H6) and hexafluorobenzene (C6F6), first reported almost 60 years ago.8 Both C6H6 and C6F6 are liquids at room temperature, but the binary-adduct is a solid with distinct properties; the adduct melts at 25 °C; i.e. well above the melting points of the two pure materials. This molecular adduct arises because of the strong electrostatic interactions between the benzene and hexafluorobenzene molecules that constitute the solid. The structure of the lowest-temperature phase (IV) of C6H6:C6F6 was solved in 1991,9 and the structures of the other three low temperature phases was reported recently.10 Structures of high-pressure phases have also been reported.11 In addition to the complex with benzene, C6F6 is known to form a series of 1:1 co-crystals with various methyl-substituted benzenes:mesitylene (1,3,5-C6H3(CH3)3),12,13 hexamethylbenzene (C6(CH3)6),14,15p-xylene (1,4-C6H4(CH3)2),16 and durene (1,2,4,5-C6H2(CH3)4).17
Our understanding of the intermolecular interactions and cohesion in these materials has changed over time. Originally, they were thought to be, so called ‘charge-transfer solids’ and that there was a donor–acceptor or π–π* bond between C6H6 and C6F6.17–19 However, a transfer of charge and consequent molecular orbital changes are not supported by spectroscopy as the internal vibrations of the molecules in the adduct show only a small frequency shift when compared to those of the pure solids.20,21 An alternative model explaining the stacking of alternating molecules in these 1:1 adducts is provided by studies of their charge distributions.22–24 Furthermore, it has been suggested that the expressions ‘π-stacking’ or ‘π–π interactions’ to describe the interactions in solids containing aromatic rings are misleading and should no longer be used for models based on direct electrostatic interactions.25 For C6H6, 1,4-C6H4(CH3)2, 1,3,5-C6H3Me3, C6Me6, and C6F6, the symmetry of the molecules implies that the first non-vanishing electrical moment in these systems is the quadrupole moment as described previously.
In C6H6:C6F6, stochastic jump rotations of the rings occurs about the high symmetry axes of each component at temperatures over 150 K as shown by variable temperature X-ray diffraction10 and solid-state NMR.18,26 By contrast, the presence of three methyl groups substituted on the benzene rings hinders stochastic jump rotations as evidenced from the atomic displacement parameters;13 however, the methyl groups of substituted benzene derivatives are free to rotate in order to optimize more specific and local bond–dipole interactions, leading to more subtle phase transitions as seen in the mesitylene adduct.
The results from our previous work raises two specific questions: (i) how do these adducts behave as a function of temperature for the case of one or two methyl groups substituted on a benzene ring (i.e. toluene versus xylene) and (ii) how does the symmetrically substituted two methyl adduct differ from the one methyl adduct? In particular, how does the presence of a molecule with a permanent dipole (e.g. toluene) affect the crystal structures that are formed by these adducts compared to one without (e.g. p-xylene)? A detailed study of the various structures of C6H5CH3:C6F6 and p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 presented here answers these specific questions.
Fig. 1 Variable temperature PXRD data on C6H5CH3:C6F6 shown as a colour surface plot. The range of intensity is shown as a spectral scale, from low counts in dark blue to high counts in red. The presence of three solid-state phases is clearly seen in addition to the “structure” seen in the molten state. Trace of solid toluene below 170 K is evident from weak peaks seen in the range 15° and 25° in 2θ (see Fig. S2‡). |
Fig. 2 Variable temperature PXRD data on p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 shown as colour surface plots: (upper) data in 10 K steps; (lower) data in 1 K steps. The range of intensity is shown as a spectral scale, from low counts in dark blue to high counts in red. The presence of two solid-state phases is clearly seen in the data with the 10 K step; the 1 K data shows the simplification of the diffraction pattern with the formation of phase I just below the melt as seen also in Fig. S4 (lower).‡ As with C6H5CH3:C6F6, “structure” is seen in the molten state. |
Phase transitions in both adducts were also observed by DSC, as shown in Fig. 3. For C6H5CH3:C6F6, the enthalpy changes on heating from phase III–II is 0.66 kJ mol−1 and from phase II–I is 5.54 kJ mol−1. These observed values were surprisingly reproducible (±0.01 kJ mol−1) on heating and cooling for this sample: in general, DSC precision is poorer than this, and furthermore, the accuracy will be even worse due to the slight imbalance of the constituent components. For p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6, the enthalpy changes on heating from phase III–II is 0.40 kJ mol−1 and as with the toluene adduct, there is excellent agreement on both heating and cooling. As with the earlier study,27 the very narrow phase I for p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 is not observed by our DSC measurements and a value for the enthalpy of the transition was not obtained.
Fig. 3 (a) Upper curves show DSC data obtained on cooling (blue curve) and heating (red curve) a sample of C6H5CH3:C6F6. Two reproducible solid-state phase transitions are observed on cooling (241 K and 198 K) and heating (202 K and 251 K). Additional peaks (as shown by vertical arrows) are observed due to the slight excess (ca. 3.5%) of toluene present in the sample due to the loss of the highly volatile C6F6 during sample handling. As with the DSC data for pure toluene (see Fig. S5‡), there is a noticeable hysteresis in the freezing and melting transition temperatures. (b) Lower curves show DSC data obtained on cooling (blue curve) and heating (red curve) a sample of p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6. A reproducible solid-state phase transition is observed on cooling (227 K) and heating (234 K). Again, additional peaks (as indicated by vertical arrows) are observed, this time due to the slight excess of p-xylene present in the sample (ca. 3.6%) as indicated by the vertical arrows. The transition between phases II and I observed by X-ray diffraction are not seen due to the narrow temperature range for this transition, which is close to the melting/freezing point of the adduct. The other transitions with a large ΔH seen in the DSC are the freezing/melting transitions for the adducts. |
For both adducts, hysteresis is observed in all of the phase transitions. Such hysteresis is also observed for the residual components (as shown by arrows in Fig. 3 and in S5‡). For the toluene adduct, the II–I transition displays a reproducible asymmetric peak shape. Additional PXRD measurements in 1 K steps did not reveal additional structures, although two unexplained transitory weak diffraction peaks were observed (as seen in Fig. S4‡).
For the single-crystal measurements, single crystals of the adducts were grown in situ just below the melting point by slow step-wise cooling and further annealing (see Fig. S6‡). Measurements were made starting with the highest temperature phase I of each adduct, and further measurements were made at temperatures indicated by the PXRD results. For the toluene adduct, the crystal broke into a few pieces on slow cooling into phase II (see Fig. S7‡), a behaviour similar to that observed in the benzene adduct experiments.10 Further cooling of the sample to phase III resulted in a large mosaic spread for the peaks. By contrast, the p-xylene adduct crystal twins on cooling as observed by Dahl16 and remains twinned at lower temperatures (see Fig. S8‡). Dahl reported a structure for phase II of p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 and the results presented here, though more precise, are in complete agreement. However, Dahl did not observe phase I and neither did he report a structure for phase III of the p-xylene adduct. No structural work has been published in the Cambridge Structural Database on the toluene adduct.
The structures of phases I, II, and III of the p-xylene adduct were solved and refined from the single-crystal data. For the toluene adduct, phases II and III were solved and refined, but for phase I only the C6F6 molecule could be located due to extensive dynamic disorder of the toluene moiety about the 3-fold axis in the crystal. This is in contrast to the benzene adduct where the C6 ring of the benzene could be located in phase I as the symmetry of the molecule is commensurate with the molecular site symmetry within the crystal.10 Lattice parameters for each phase of both adducts are given in Tables 1 and 2 and views of the crystal structures are displayed in Fig. 4 and 5. The magnitude of the atomic displacements for the F atoms in C6F6 is about the same for both adducts at similar temperatures in contrast to the behaviour of the C atoms in the H atom containing partner.
C6H5CH3:C6F6 | Phase I | Phase II | Phase III |
---|---|---|---|
T/K | 260 | 210 | 150 |
Space group | Rm | I | P |
a/Å | 12.5609(13) | 6.2555(12) | 6.1528(7) |
b/Å | 12.5609(13) | 13.596(2) | 13.4860(12) |
c/Å | 7.1407(6) | 7.3243(12) | 7.2910(7) |
α/° | 90 | 81.725(13) | 81.655(8) |
β/° | 90 | 84.578(14) | 85.547(9) |
γ/° | 120 | 94.028(14) | 95.194(9) |
V/Z/Å3 | 325.2(1) | 305.7(1) | 296.79(5) |
p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 | Phase I | Phase II | Phase III |
---|---|---|---|
T/K | 300 | 240 | 150 |
Space group | C2/m | C | C |
a/Å | 8.8690(12) | 8.8550(7) | 8.8241(6) |
b/Å | 11.0285(17) | 10.9108(8) | 10.8149(6) |
c/Å | 7.3047(10) | 7.2985(6) | 7.2972(5) |
α/° | 90 | 83.416(6) | 80.420(5) |
β/° | 106.483(13) | 107.852(7) | 109.086(7) |
γ/° | 90 | 98.730(6) | 103.477(5) |
V/Z/Å3 | 342.56(9) | 330.84(5) | 318.45(4) |
Fig. 4 Views down a (top row) and -c (bottom row) of the crystal structures of phases III, II, and I (from left to right, respectively) of C6H5CH3:C6F6 showing the evolution of the thermal motion as a function of temperature (from data measured at 150 K, 185 K, 210 K, 235 K, and 260 K, respectively). The crystallographic labelling of the atoms in each phase is shown in Fig. S9‡ and additional views shown in Fig. S10.‡ Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability (with H atoms at a fixed radius): for phase II, twofold disorder of the toluene molecule is shown using a stick representation with the two possible orientations coloured as deep pink or cyan; for phase I, the single giant grey and white ellipsoids represents a model of a continuously rotating toluene molecule. In order to relate the unit cells of phases II and III, a non-standard I-centred triclinic unit cell (with space group symmetry I) has been chosen for phase II and a non-standard origin has been used for phase III. In the lower figure of phase I, individual toluene molecules are shown superimposed in frozen in random orientations; the average diameter is slightly smaller than that of the C6F6 molecule. As for the benzene adduct, the cell shown in red is a monoclinic cell derived from the rhombohedral cell used for phase I, and which relates to phase II as discussed in the ESI.‡ |
Fig. 5 Views down -b (top row) and c (bottom row) of the crystal structures of phases III, II, and I (from left to right, respectively) of p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 showing the evolution of the thermal motion as a function of temperature (from data measured at 150 K, 240 K, and 300 K, respectively). The crystallographic labelling of the atoms in each phase is shown in Fig. S11 and additional views shown in Fig. S12.‡ Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability (with H atoms at a fixed radius). In order to relate the unit cells for phases I to III, a non-standard C-centred triclinic unit cell (with space group symmetry C) has been chosen for phases II and III. The shortest C–F⋯H–C distances (<2.9 Å) are shown in cyan. |
Using the unit cells from the solved structures of each phase, Le Bail fits to the PXRD data were made to obtain the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters for both adducts. The change in volume with temperature is shown in Fig. 6; the corresponding changes in cell lengths and angles are shown in Fig. S13 and S14.‡ Values are given in Tables 7a and b in the ESI.‡ It is immediately apparent from the figure that for the toluene adduct there is a large volume change between phase I and II, which accounts for the crystals breaking on cooling. By contrast, the smooth continuous volume change for the p-xylene adduct is consistent with the observation of crystal stability down to low temperature.
Fig. 6 Volume per unit of (a) C6H5CH3:C6F6 and (b) p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 as a function of temperature. The discontinuity in the toluene adduct represents a volume change of 5.5% at the transition temperature. Phase boundaries are provided by vertical dotted lines. The curve through the points is a guide to the eye. The variation of individual unit-cell parameters with temperature is shown in Fig. S13 and S14‡ for each adduct, respectively. Further details are provided in the ESI.‡ |
The variable temperature study of the two adducts C6H5CH3:C6F6 and p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 permits a comparison of the dynamics of closely-related species; in particular, of the influence of methyl groups on the stability of the solid adduct. For the pair of adducts studied here, toluene has a small permanent electric dipole moment (0.33 D),28 whereas p-xylene has two C–CH3 dipole moments that are opposed and cancel. However, there remains the question of the different size of the molecules and how this influences the dynamics of the solid.
The high-temperature phase of C6H5CH3:C6F6 shows similar structure and dynamics to that observed in C6H6:C6F6.10 Both adducts exhibit space-group symmetry Rm in their highest temperature phases, with each molecule on a site of m symmetry. In the benzene adduct, which is the prototype for this whole class of materials, the dynamics of the benzene is readily modelled in terms of near free rotation around the 6-fold molecular axis in phase I using multiple ellipsoids (and using large ellipsoids in phase II) for the C and H atoms. At these temperatures in the benzene adduct, the C6F6 molecule remains in a fixed position despite large angular librations as evidenced by the atomic displacement parameters. In the toluene adduct, the addition of a methyl group to the C6-ring breaks the inversion symmetry of the molecule so that the centre of mass is no longer at the centre of the ring. Given the m molecular site symmetry (see Fig. S9‡), the –CH3 group must be dynamically disordered over 6 possible sites with the normal to the C6-ring no longer coaxial with the 3-fold crystal axis. Consequently, with only 42 unique reflections, there is a severe limitation on the complexity of the model designed to try and fit the data, in contrast to the benzene adduct where the centre of mass of C6H6 is always on the 3-fold axis. Using the “squeeze” technique, the position of the C6F6 moiety can be refined but the coordinates for the dynamically disordered-toluene molecule cannot be determined or refined.
On cooling, the 6-fold dynamic disorder of phase I of C6H5CH3:C6F6 transforms to 2-fold dynamic disorder with the permanent dipole moments aligned in a parallel or antiparallel manner demonstrating the flatness of the electrostatic potentials provided by the adjacent C6F6 molecules within a column. On further cooling to phase III, the 2-fold disorder is lost and the structure adopts an antiferroelectric arrangement of the permanent dipoles as seen schematically in Fig. 4. The dynamic nature of these order–disorder transitions may be seen from the temperature dependence of the intensity of the non-I-centred reflections (i.e. with hkl: h + k + l ≠ 2n) in phase III (see Fig. S15‡). Further evidence for dynamic disorder is given by SXD data on phase III measured at 185 K: the best fit to the data at this temperature without disorder has R1 equal to 10.15% but this reduces to 6.04% for a model with 16.7% toluene disorder.
From a symmetry perspective, although the space-group symmetry of both phases II and III is the same, i.e. centrosymmetric triclinic (space group no. 2), the phase transformation involves a symmetry change from black–white (two different orientations) in phase III to grey (an average of the two orientations) in phase II,29 and so can be considered in terms of the 2-D Ising model used to describe certain magnetic phase transitions. Although a reduced temperature τ = (T − TC)/TC can be calculated readily given the II–III transition temperature TC, the order parameter Ψ cannot be easily derived from peak-intensity data (as shown in Fig. S15‡), thus limiting critical-behaviour analysis using the PXRD data.
In the p-xylene adduct, the presence of a second methyl group symmetrically disposed to the first prevents rotational disorder of the hydrogen-containing ring, even at the highest temperatures. Our previous work on 1,3,5-C6H3(CH3)3:C6F6 also demonstrated that a symmetrical arrangement of methyl groups precluded disorder of the C6-ring,13 though it does not prevent disorder of the methyl groups at higher temperatures when the inter-column electrostatic interactions diminish. The isosymmetric transition between phases III and II in p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 can be explained in terms of order–disorder transitions involving the methyl group interactions with fluorine atoms in neighbouring columns, as observed in the mesitylene adduct. Although the space-group symmetry of both phases II and III is the same, i.e. centrosymmetric triclinic (space group no. 2), this transition differs significantly from the II–III transition observed in C6H5CH3:C6F6. The phase transition involves a slight rotation of the p-xylene molecule from eclipsed (with respect to the C6F6 ring) in phase III to partially staggered in phase II, and is classed as type 0 in symmetry terms.30 From the lattice parameters derived from the PXRD data (see Fig. S14‡), it is clear that this isosymmetric transition is discontinuous in contrast to some others of this type.31
The transition between phases II and I of p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 involves a further rotation of the p-xylene moiety relative to the C6F6 molecule so that molecules become perfectly staggered in phase I with point symmetry 2/m (see Fig. S11‡). However, this staggered structure is unstable with respect to change of temperature due to lack of inter-columnar interactions; hence the narrowness of this phase.
On the subject of inter-columnar interactions, it is now possible to give inter-column distance values for a range of closely-related adducts in their highest temperature phases: 6.93 Å in C6H6:C6F6 (at 285 K); 7.25 Å in C6H5CH3:C6F6 (at 260 K); 6.96 Å in p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 (at 300 K); and 7.13 Å in 1,3,5-C6H3(CH3)3:C6F6 (at 190 K). For the benzene and toluene adducts, the columns are close-packed and there is a single inter-column spacing; for p-xylene adduct the value is for the nearest neighbour spacing where the methyl groups are not opposed; and for the mesitylene adduct the value corresponds to the nearest neighbour spacing with no methyl groups interposed. These values reveal something of the nature of the inter-columnar interactions in these closely-related adducts. For the benzene adduct, the columns are the most closely packed despite dynamic disorder existing in phases I and II which suggests that the inter-columnar spacing is determined mainly by the interactions of the larger C6F6 molecules in neighbouring columns. In the p-xylene adduct, the spacing is only marginally greater, but in the toluene adduct it is significantly larger than the spacing in the benzene adduct. This larger separation of the columns means that electrostatic interactions between neighbouring columns will be significantly weaker for the toluene adduct; e.g. for dipole–dipole interactions the interaction energy varies as 1/r3 where r is the spacing between the dipoles.32 Consequently, it is perhaps not so surprising that there is so much disorder in the toluene adduct.
Perhaps the biggest difference between the two systems presented here and the structure of the lowest temperature phase IV of C6H6:C6F6 is that the bond dipoles on both the toluene and p-xylene molecules and those on their C6F6 neighbours in a column are perfectly eclipsed (as seen in Fig. 4 and 5). By contrast, in phase IV of C6H6:C6F6, the C–H bond dipoles in the C6H6 molecule and the C–F bond dipoles in the C6F6 molecules both above and below it are neither eclipsed nor staggered, but at an angle of around 18° between the axis of the C–H bond and a paired C–F bond when viewed down the c-axis.9,10 On heating p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6, the transition from phase III to phase II results in a relative rotation of the two component molecules such that a partially staggered structured is obtained, and this relative rotation continues into phase I where the molecules are perfectly staggered. By contrast, heating C6H5CH3:C6F6 from phase III to phase II leaves the molecules eclipsed, though no comment can be made about the relative orientation of the molecules on further heating to phase I.
This difference between the relative orientations at low temperature of the toluene and p-xylene molecules with respect to C6F6 molecules in the same column when compared with the relative orientation of benzene in these adducts is due to the relative magnitudes of the intermolecular electrostatic-potential between the columns of alternating molecules and the electrostatic potential within a column in these binary adducts. The inter-columnar potential and the intra-columnar potential will be similar for all three binary-adducts, but there will be differences. The lowest-energy configuration of the bond dipoles in these binary-adduct is the eclipsed geometry. This geometry maximises the bond–dipole – bond–dipole interaction of the parallel molecules, which then contributes to the intra-columnar potential. In addition, the presence of the methyl group (s) in toluene and p-xylene provides an additional bond–dipole electrostatic interaction to contribute to the intra-columnar potential.
However, if the columns of molecules are close together, then the interaction of the molecules in a column will be perturbed by the close proximity of molecules (bond–dipole moments) in neighbouring columns. In all of this series of adducts, this perturbation results in a tilt of the molecules with respect to the column axis as commented on previously.10,13 In addition, a strong inter-columnar perturbation can generate a structure within a column that is neither eclipsed, nor completely staggered, as seen in phase IV of C6H6:C6F6, but that is not seen in the toluene and p-xylene adducts at low temperature. On heating to phase III of C6H6:C6F6 (in which the columns of molecules are more separated), the intra-columnar interactions become more important for the crystal structure than the inter-columnar term and the C–F and C–H bond dipoles become eclipsed as in C6H5CH3:C6F6 and p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6.
The effect of these competing interactions in these adducts can also be seen in deviations from the parallel behaviour of the C6F6 and methyl-substituted benzene rings with temperature. For the parent adduct C6H6:C6F6, the two constituent molecules are perfectly co-planar in phase I but tilt relative to each other by 3.5° in phase II, 4.6° in phase III, and 5.2° in phase IV. Similarly, in the toluene adduct, the relative tilt is 0° in phase I and increases to 3.7° in phase III. By contrast, in the p-xylene adduct, the two molecules are not co-planar in any of the solid phases and the relative tilt varies only slightly from 5.8° in phase III (as shown e.g. in Fig. S16‡) to 5.5° in phase I. For comparison, the relative tilt between the constituent molecules in the mesitylene adduct increases on cooling from 1.1° in phase I to 1.9° in phase II, and then to a range of tilts in phase III (since Z′ > 1).
Finally, it is worth noting that in their pure form, both toluene and p-xylene are liquids at room temperature: toluene melts at 179 K and boils at 384 K, giving it one of the largest liquid-ranges of any small molecule; p-xylene melts at 286 K and boils at 411 K. By forming a binary-adduct (or co-crystal) with C6F6, where structural integrity is maintained by electrostatic interactions involving bond–dipole moments on the two components, toluene may be retained in an ordered form up to almost 280 K in a toluene adduct and p-xylene in a solid ordered form up to almost 300 K in its adduct. This marked difference in behaviour in the presence of hexafluorobenzene explains the keen interest in the use of perfluoroaromatic compounds in crystal engineering,33e.g. in the stabilization of graphene sheets,34 and in the self-assembly of bespoke cocrystals with tuneable luminescence colour.35
In addition, this work demonstrates the importance of using finer steps for variable temperature PXRD studies of phase transitions in these materials. There is a risk of not observing phases that exist over a narrow range of temperature using 10 K measurement steps; though the finer probe of 1 K steps may reveal more, it is not always practical to do this in an X-ray laboratory with restricted access time.
Footnotes |
† This paper is dedicated to Sir Brian E. F. Fender CMG on the occasion of his 85th birthday. |
‡ Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Additional experimental detail, crystallographic tables, and additional supporting figures are supplied. CCDC CIF files have been deposited at Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center for C6H5CH3:C6F6 with deposition numbers 1908707 (phase I at 260 K), 1908706 (phase II at 235 K), 1908705 (phase II at 210 K), 1908704 (phase III at 185 K), and 1908703 (phase III at 150 K) and for p-C6H4(CH3)2:C6F6 with deposition numbers 1908128 (phase I at 300 K), 1908127 (phase II at 280 K), 1908126 (phase II at 240 K), and 1908125 (phase III at 150 K). For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00541b |
§ Retired. Current address: Montpellier, France. E-mail: E-mail: jeffreyhuw@hotmail.com |
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