Continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis of graphene quantum dots

Suela Kellici; John Acord; Katherine E. Moore; Nicholas P. Power; Vesna Middelkoop; David J. Morgan; Tobias Heil; Paolo Coppo; Ioan-Alexandru Baragau; Colin L. Raston

doi:10.1039/C8RE00158H

Continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis of graphene quantum dots†

Suela Kellici,

*^a John Acord,^b Katherine E. Moore,^h Nicholas P. Power,

^c Vesna Middelkoop,

^g David J. Morgan,

^d Tobias Heil,^e Paolo Coppo,^f Ioan-Alexandru Baragau

^a and Colin L. Raston

^h

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a School of Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Centre, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, UK
E-mail: kellicis@lsbu.ac.uk

^b School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, UK

^c School of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK

^d Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, UK

^e Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany

^f Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill, Coventry, UK

^g Flemish Institute for Technological Research – VITO, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium

^h Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia

Abstract

Green fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQD) have been synthesized via hydrothermal fragmentation using a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) process as a single, rapid and environmentally benign method. This is in the presence of p-phosphonic acid calix[4]arene which enhances the optical properties of the graphene quantum dots through surface functionalization, with photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 4.5%. Potential environmental impact of a lab-scale supercritical CHFS process compared with that of conventional batch processing of GQDs has been assessed using the method of the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD).

Reaction Chemistry & Engineering

Continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis of graphene quantum dots†

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