Correction: Chemical analysis in saliva and the search for salivary biomarkers – a tutorial review

Abstract

Correction for ‘Chemical analysis in saliva and the search for salivary biomarkers – a tutorial review’ by Kamonwad Ngamchuea, et al., Analyst, 2018, 143, 81–99.

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In the published article some errors were present in Tables 1, 2 and 4.

Table 1 Components of authentic human saliva and a comparison of the normal range of the concentrations between saliva and other biological fluids

Real saliva composition		Normal range		Ref.
		Saliva	Other biological fluids
a U mL^−1: enzymatic activity per unit (mL) of saliva.
1. Inorganic compounds	Na^+	20–80 mmol L^−1	Plasma 145 mmol L^−1	11
	K^+	20 mmol L^−1	4 mmol L^−1
	Ca^2+	1–4 mmol L^−1	2.2 mmol L^−1
	Cl^−	30–100 mmol L^−1	120 mmol L^−1
	HCO3^−	15–80 mmol L^−1	25 mmol L^−1
	Phosphate	4 mmol L^−1	1.2 mmol L^−1
	Mg^2+	0.2 mmol L^−1	1.2 mmol L^−1
	SCN^−	2 mmol L^−1	<0.2 mmol L^−1
	NH3	3 mmol L^−1	0.05 mmol L^−1
2. Organic compounds (non-protein and lipids)	Uric acid	3.38 ± 0.21 mg dL^−1	Serum 6.31 ± 0.24 mg dL^−1	21–23
		217.2 ± 110.3 mol L^−1
		0.1–7.5 mg dL^−1
	Bilirubin	0.5–5.0 μmol L^−1	Serum 0.2–1.2 mg dL^−1	24
	Creatinine	0.12 ± 0.06 mg dL^−1	Serum 0.89 ± 0.17 mg dL^−1	25
		0.05–0.2 mg dL^−1	Serum 0.6–1.5 mg dL^−1
	Glucose	4–13 mg dL^−1	Blood 80–120 mg dL^−1	22 and 26
			Blood 88.6 ± 8.0 mg dL^−1
	Cholesterol	0.02–5.46 μmol L^−1	Serum <5 mmol L^−1	27
	Lactate	0.3–1.8 mM	Serum 0.5–1.0 mM	28 and 29
		0.1 to 2.5 mmol L^−1
3. Protein/polypeptide compounds	α-Amylase	19–308 U mL^−1 ^a	Serum 0.05–0.125 U mL^−1 ^a	23 and 30
		93 ± 62 U L^−1 ^a
		2.64 ± 1.8 mg mL^−1
	Albumin	0.2 ± 0.1 mg mL^−1	Serum 3.5–5.5 g dL^−1	31
	Secretory-IgA	80–717 mg dL^−1	Serum 70–400 mg dL^−1	23 and 32
		124.3–333.5 μg mL^−1
	Mucin group	MUC5B: 2.4 ± 1.7 U mL^−1	Serum 9.9 ± 0.8 ng ml^−1	31 and 33
		1.19 ± 0.17 mg mL^−1
	Lysozyme	3–50 μg mL^−1	Serum 7.4 ± 1.8 mg mL^−1	23, 32 and 34
		59.7 to 1062.3 μg ml^−1	Serum 4–9 μg mL^−1
	Total proteins	7.1–223.2 mg dL^−1	Serum 6–8 g dL^−1	23 and 31
		0.9 ± 0.2 mg mL^−1
4. Hormones	Cortisol	3.5–27.0 mg dL^−1	Serum 2–25 mg dL^−1	35
	Testosterone	32–55 pg mL^−1	Serum 320–600 ng dL^−1	36
	Progesterone	Luteal phase 436 ± 34 pmol L^−1	Serum male: <1 ng mL^−1	37
		Follicular phase 22.1 ± 2.7 pmol L^−1	Serum female: 0.1–20 ng mL^−1
	Estrogen (Estradiol)	Luteal phase 20.6 ± 0.4 pmol L^−1	Serum male: 15–60 pg mL^−1	37
			Serum female: 15–370 pg mL^−1

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Table 2 Compositions of different artificial saliva recipes

Artificial saliva compositions		Concentration (g L^−1)
		AFNOR^14,15	Fusayama-Meyer^16	SAGF^17,18	Klimek^19	Shellis^12
a Bacto-Mucin bacteriological. b Somogyi's unit/L is a measure of the level of activity of amylase in blood serum. One Somogyi unit is defined as the amount of amylase required to produce the equivalent of 1 mg of glucose when acting on a standard starch solution under a defined condition.^38
1. Inorganic compounds	NaCl	6.70	0.40	0.13	0.58	—
	KCl	1.20	0.40	0.96	1.27	1.16
	Na2HPO4	0.26	—	—	0.34	0.375
	KH2PO4	0.20	—	0.66	0.33	0.35
	NaHCO3	1.50	0.10	0.63	—	0.54
	KSCN	0.33	—	0.19	0.16 (NaSCN)	0.22
	CaCl2·2H2O	—	0.795	0.23	0.17	0.21
	Na2S·9H2O	—	0.005	—	—	—
	Urea	—	1.00	0.20	0.20	0.17
	NaH2PO4·H2O	—	0.69	—	—	—
	NH4Cl	—	—	0.18	0.16	0.233
	Na2SO4·10H2O	—	—	0.76	—	—
	MgCl2·6H2O	—	—	—	—	0.043
	Sodium citrate	—	—	—	—	0.013
2. Organic compounds	Ascorbic acid	—	—	—	0.002	—
	Glucose	—	—	—	0.03	—
	Uric acid	—	—	—	—	0.0105
	Creatinine	—	—	—	—	0.0001
	Choline	—	—	—	—	0.013
	Mixture of vitamins	—	—	—	—	0.0008
3. Protein/polypeptide compounds	Mucin	—	—	—	2.70^a	—
	Glycoprotein	—	—	—	—	2.5
	Alpha amylase	—	—	—	—	3 × 10^5 Somogyi's unit L^−1 ^b
	Albumin	—	—	—	—	0.025
	Mixture of amino acids	—	—	—	—	0.041

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The concentrations of blood glucose were misplaced into the ‘Saliva’ column. They are now moved to the correct ‘Other biological fluids’ column. A full, corrected Table 1 is reproduced here.

The concentration of CaCl₂·2H₂O (ref. Fusayama-Meyer¹⁶) was given incorrectly. The concentration of NH₄Cl (ref. SAGF^17,18) was missing. A full, corrected Table 2 is reproduced here.

Incorrect values were given for linear ranges, LOD and the pH of the buffers for some of the detection methods in Table 4. The specific changes relate to Phosphate (linear range and buffer pH), caffeine (LOD for the molecularly imprinted electrode and linear range for the SWNCT/CC electrode), glutathione (medium for the Prussian blue/SPE electrode and linear range for the caffeic acid/GC electrode) and uric acid (LOD). A full, corrected Table 4 is reproduced here.

Table 3 Examples of methods of electroanalytical detection available for possible salivary biomarkers (listed in Table 3)

The methods highlighted in grey and blue have been validated in artificial saliva and real saliva, respectively. Methods: AMP: amperometry, CA: chronoamperometry, CE: capillary electrophoresis, CV: cyclic voltammetry, DPV: differential pulse voltammetry, EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, ISE: ion-selective electrode, LSV: linear sweep voltammetry, MPA: multiple-pulse amperometry, SWV: square wave voltammetry. Electrodes: BDD: boron-doped diamond, BPPG: basal plane pyrolytic graphite, CC: carbon ceramic, CIL: carbon ionic liquid, CNF: carbon nanofiber, CP: carbon paste, EPPG: edge plane pyrolytic graphite, GC: glassy carbon electrode, MWCNT: multi-walled carbon nanotube, NP: nanoparticle, SPE: screen-printed electrode, SWCNT: single-walled carbon nanotube, SWCNH: single-walled carbon nanohorn.a Not stated in the text – values are taken from calibration curves present in the papers.

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The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.

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