Energetic π-conjugated vinyl bridged triazoles: a thermally stable and insensitive heterocyclic cation

Abstract

A new family of vinyl bridge 1,1′-(ethane-5-yl)-bis(3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazolium) salts were explored as novel structural energetic materials. These new salts were further characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and multinuclear NMR spectra. Structural confirmation of nine salts such as 4–11 and 14 was supported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Theoretical investigations associated with heats of formation and detonation performance were carried out by employing the Gaussian 09 program and the EXPLO5 V6.02 code, respectively. The sensitivities towards impact and friction were studied using BAM standards. According to the experimental and computational data, these salts show densities ranging from 1.61 to 1.82 g cm⁻³ at 298 K, good thermal stabilities (T_d: 217 °C–322 °C), excellent detonation performance (P: 7809 m s⁻¹ to 9640 m s⁻¹, D: 24.6 GPa–33.9 GPa) and rational impact and friction sensitivities (IS: 4 J to 60 J, FS: 120 N to 360 N).