Dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction of dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine from biological samples based on green deep eutectic solvents and Fe3O4@MIL-100 (Fe) core–shell nanoparticles grafted with pyrocatechol

Abstract

A selective and sensitive method based on dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction and green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was developed for the extraction of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP) and norepinephrine (NE) from biological samples prior to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). The Fe₃O₄@MIL-100 (Fe) core–shell nanoparticles grafted with pyrocatechol were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) were used in the experimental design and optimization of the extraction efficiency. Under optimized conditions, calibration graphs of DA, EP and NE were linear in a concentration range of 1–300 μg L⁻¹ with correlation coefficients of more than 0.9966. Limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.22–0.36 μg L⁻¹ and 0.78–1.20 μg L⁻¹, respectively. This procedure was successfully employed in determining target analytes in spiked human urine and serum samples; the relative mean recoveries ranged from 91.4 to 103.4%.