Diana
Haas
,
Maximilian S.
Hofmayer
,
Tomke
Bresser
and
Paul
Knochel
*
Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany. E-mail: paul.knochel@cup.uni-muenchen.de
First published on 13th March 2015
The metalation of 4,4-dimethyloxazoline using TMPZnCl·LiCl provides a stable 2-zincated oxazolinyl reagent which readily undergoes palladium-catalyzed Negishi cross-couplings allowing a new access to 2-aryloxazolines. Cu-mediated acylation and allylation reactions also proceed in good yields.
2-Aryloxazolines can be prepared using several methods, such as condensations6 or similar multi-component reactions,7 as well as C–H activations using diverse transition-metal catalysts.8 However, to date the direct zincation and transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling of the oxazoline scaffold has not yet been reported. This reaction is especially interesting, as 2-aryloxazolines often exhibit potential biological activity.9 Recently, we have described the synthesis of the highly active sterically hindered zinc base TMPZnCl·LiCl10 (3; TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) which has proven to be especially efficient for the metalation of sensitive heterocycles while displaying an excellent functional group tolerance.11
Herein, we report the direct zincation of 4,4-dimethyloxazoline (1) using TMPZnCl·LiCl (3) and a subsequent quenching of the resulting zinc species with various electrophiles. Thus, treatment of 4,4-dimethyloxazoline (1) with TMPZnCl·LiCl (3, 1.1 equiv.) leads smoothly to the formation of the corresponding 4,4-dimethyloxazolinylzinc (4) species within 1 h at 0 °C in 94% yield as determined by GC-analysis after allylation.12 In contrast to the corresponding lithium derivative (Scheme 1), this zinc reagent is perfectly stable at 25 °C and shows no tendency to undergo a ring fragmentation. Thus, the zinc reagent (4) undergoes smooth carbon–carbon bond formation with electrophiles leading to 2-substituted oxazolines of type 5 in 64–92% yield (Scheme 2).
Negishi cross-coupling reactions13 of the oxazolinylzinc reagent (4) with electron-rich and -poor para-functionalized aryl bromides and iodides (FG = CF3, CO2Et, CN, OMe, Cl) using Pd(dba)2 (3 mol%) or Pd(OAc)2 (3 mol%) and SPhos (6 mol%)14 furnished the corresponding 2-aryloxazolines 5a–e in 71–92% yield (Table 1, entries 1–5).
Entry | Electrophile/conditions | Product/yielda (%) |
---|---|---|
a Isolated yield of analytically pure product. b Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling using 3 mol% Pd(OAc)2 and 6 mol% SPhos. c Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling using 3 mol% Pd(dba)2 and 6 mol% SPhos. d A transmetalation with CuCN·2LiCl (1.2 equiv.) was performed. e Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling using 3 mol% Pd(dba)2 and 6 mol% P(o-furyl)3, 4 mol% CuI and NEt3 (1.2 equiv.). | ||
1 |
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50 °C, 4 h (X = I)
50 °C, 3 h (X = Br) |
5a: 79%b (X = I)
77%c (X = Br) |
|
2 |
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50 °C, 4 h (X = I)
50 °C, 3 h (X = Br) |
5b: 78%b (X = I)
92%c (X = Br) |
|
3 |
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50 °C, 4 h (X = I)
50 °C, 2 h (X = Br) |
5c: 80%b (X = I)
87%c (X = Br) |
|
4 |
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50 °C, 4 h | 5d: 82%b | |
5 |
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50 °C, 2 h | 5e: 71%b | |
6 |
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50 °C, 8 h | 5f: 68%c | |
7 |
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25 °C, 1 h | 5g: 68%b | |
8 |
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−40 °C to 25 °C, 2 h | 5h: 69%d | |
9 |
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−40 °C to 25 °C, 2 h | 5i: 76%d | |
10 |
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−40 °C to 25 °C, 4 h | 5j: 71%d | |
11 |
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−40 °C to 25 °C, 4 h | 5k: 65%d | |
12 |
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−40 °C to 25 °C, 2 h | 5l: 64%d | |
13 |
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−40 °C to 25 °C, 6 h | 5m: 79%d | |
14 |
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25 °C, 4 h | 5n: 71%e |
Also, the oxazolinylzinc species (4) reacts with the disubstituted diethyl 5-bromoisophthalate to provide the desired product (5f) in 68% yield (entry 6). Additionally, a cross-coupling reaction with 3-iodocyclohexenone affords the oxazoline (5g) in 68% yield (entry 7). Moreover, after transmetalation with CuCN·2LiCl15 acylation reactions employing various acid chlorides afford 2-acyl-2-oxazolines.16 Thus, the reaction with benzoyl chloride leads to the acylated oxazoline (5h) in 69% yield (entry 8). The 4,4-dimethyloxazolinylzinc reagent (4) also reacts well with various electron-poor benzoyl chlorides bearing halogen-substituents, as well as 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride to provide the ketones (5i–l) in 64–76% yield (entries 9–12). In addition, the zincated species undergoes a Cu-mediated allylation reaction with 3-bromocyclohexene affording the allylated product (5m) in 79% yield (entry 13). Finally, an in situ performed Sonogashira reaction17 with phenylacetylene in the presence of Pd(dba)2 (3 mol%), Farina's ligand18 (P(o-furyl)3, 6 mol%), CuI (4 mol%) and Et3N afforded the 2-substituted oxazoline (5n) in 79% yield (entry 14). As oxazolines serve as a useful directing group in directed metalations,19 magnesiation of the 2-arylated oxazolines is possible within 1.5 h at 0 °C using TMPMgCl·LiCl20 (6, Scheme 3).21 After transmetalation with ZnCl2 and Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling, the biaryl 7 is afforded in 93% yield. Also, oxazoline 7 reacts in a second metalation step using TMP2Mg·2LiCl22 (8, −20 °C, 1.5 h). Transmetalation using CuCN·2LiCl, followed by addition of allyl bromide furnishes the desired oxazoline 9 in 78% yield. Since oxazolines can be readily converted to carboxylic acids, new ortho,ortho′-disubstituted benzoic acids can be obtained after deprotection using standard methods.23
In summary, we have reported a simple, mild and efficient method for the zincation of 4,4-dimethyloxazoline in position 2 using TMPZnCl·LiCl (3). The resulting oxazolinylzinc reagents (4) were arylated via Negishi cross-couplings with various aryl iodides and bromides. Additionally, Cu-mediated acylation and allylation reactions proceed readily. Applications towards the synthesis of biologically active molecules are currently being investigated in our laboratories.
We thank the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013; ERC grant agreement no. 227763) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for financial support. We also thank BASF SE (Ludwigshafen), W. C. Heraeus GmbH (Hanau) and Rockwood Lithium GmbH (Frankfurt) for the generous gift of chemicals.
Footnote |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental procedures and NMR spectra of all products. See DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01144b |
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 |