Tim J.
Blackburn
a,
Shafiq
Ahmed
b,
Christopher R.
Coxon
a,
Junfeng
Liu
b,
Xiaohong
Lu
b,
Bernard T.
Golding
a,
Roger J.
Griffin
a,
Claire
Hutton
b,
David R.
Newell
b,
Stephen
Ojo
a,
Anna F.
Watson
a,
Andrey
Zaytzev
a,
Yan
Zhao
b,
John
Lunec
*b and
Ian R.
Hardcastle
*a
aNewcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research and School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK. E-mail: Ian.Hardcastle@ncl.ac.uk; Fax: +44 (0)191 8591; Tel: +44 (0)191 222 6645
bNewcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK. E-mail: John.Lunec@ncl.ac.uk; Fax: +44 (0)191 4301; Tel: +44 (0)191 246 4420
First published on 18th July 2013
Screening identified 2-(3-((4,6-dioxo-2-thioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene)methyl)-2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile as an MDM2–p53 inhibitor (IC50 = 12.3 μM). MDM2–p53 and MDMX–p53 activity was seen for 5-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)methylene)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione (MDM2 IC50 = 0.11 μM; MDMX IC50 = 4.2 μM) and 5-((1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)methylene)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (MDM2 IC50 = 0.15 μM; MDMX IC50 = 4.2 μM), and cellular activity consistent with p53 activation in MDM2 amplified cells. Further SAR studies demonstrated the requirement for the triarylpyrrole moiety for MDMX–p53 activity but not for MDM2–p53 inhibition.
The MDM2 and MDMX proteins regulate the activity of p53 with different and non-redundant mechanisms.8 In addition to the MDM2 gene being a target for p53-dependent transcription, MDM2 regulates p53 in an autoregulatory negative feedback loop by binding to the p53 transactivation domain, and acting as an E3-ligase for polyubiquitination of p53 to promote p53 degradation by the ubiquitin-mediated proteosomal pathway.9–12 MDMX also inhibits p53 transcriptional activity, but does not act as an E3 ligase independently of MDM2, and its expression is not p53 dependent.13 Furthermore, MDMX–MDM2 heterodimers have enhanced E3 ligase activity over MDM2 alone and may be an important mechanism of p53 regulation.
The MDM2–p53 binding interaction is amenable to small-molecule inhibition, as it consists of a relatively deep binding groove on the surface of the MDM2 protein into which an amphipathic helix of p53 binds.14 A number of potent MDM2–p53 inhibitors have been reported based on diverse chemotypes,15 such as the cis-imidazoline RG-7112 (IC50 = 12 nM),16 spirooxindoles, e.g. MI-888 (IC50 = 6.8 nM),17 and the substituted piperidone AM-8553 (IC50 = 2.2 nM),18 and have demonstrated cellular activity consistent with inhibition of MDM2–p53 binding and in vivo antitumor activity. However, these series lack significant potency against MDMX,19 and overexpression of MDMX offers a possible mechanism of resistance to such MDM2–p53 inhibitors. For this reason compounds able to inhibit both interactions have great significance.20
To date, there have been few reports of small-molecule MDMX inhibitors. The 5-oxo-pyrazolylidene SJ-172552 was identified in an MDMX high-throughput fluorescence polarisation assay and showed selective MDMX inhibition, through a complex, irreversible mechanism.21,22 The 3-imidazolyl indole (1a) is a mixed MDM2–, MDMX–p53 inhibitor (MDM2 IC50 = 0.19 μM; MDMX IC50 = 20 μM), and has provided the first X-ray crystal structure of MDMX bound to a small-molecule ligand.19 A series of MDM2–p53 inhibitory pyrrolidone derivatives, e.g. (2a, MDM2 = 0.26 μM, MDMX = 2.7 μM; and 2b, MDM2 = 1.3 μM, MDMX = 2.1 μM), also show modest MDMX activity in addition to MDM2 inhibition.23 The indolyl hydantoins, e.g. RO-5963 (MDM2 = 17 nM, MDMX = 25 nM), are the most potent MDM2–p53 and MDMX–p53 inhibitors reported to date.24
In this paper, we describe the discovery, structure–activity relationships (SARs) and cellular activity of triarylpyrrole compounds with promising inhibitory activity against both MDM2–p53 and MDMX–p53. Comparison of molecular models of the triarylpyrroles with a small series of the related diarylpyrrole MDM2–p53 inhibitors demonstrates key structural requirements for mixed MDM2 and MDMX inhibition in this series.
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Compound | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | MDM2 IC50 (nM) |
4a | 4-ClPh | Me | H | H | 720 ± 100 |
4b | 4-ClPh | Me | H | Ph | 3300 ± 700 |
4c | 4-ClPh | Ph | H | H | 120 ± 20 |
4d | 4-ClPh | Ph | H | Ph | 230 ± 44 |
4e | 4-ClPh | Ph | H | 3-ClPh | 163 ± 17 |
4f | 4-ClPh | Ph | 3,4-diMePh | Ph | 256 ± 39 |
4g | 4-ClPh | Ph | Me | Me | Insol. |
4h | 4-BrPh | Me | Ph | Ph | 199 ± 16 |
4i | 4-MePh | Me | H | Ph | 8400 ± 900 |
4j | 4-MePh | Me | H | H | 4700 ± 200 |
4k | 4-EtO2CPh | Ph | H | H | 700 ± 20 |
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Scheme 1 Synthesis of substituted triarylpyrroles 4a–z. Reagents and conditions: (a) TFA, TFE, MW, 150 °C, 20 min; (b) POCl3 DMF, 0–70 °C, MW, 1 h; (c) COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundEtOH, rt, 12 h, or AcOH, 120 °C, 2 h. |
MDM2 inhibitory SARs for a series of analogues of 4c were determined, and selected compounds were assayed for MDMX–p53 inhibitory activity (Table 2). Unexpectedly, pyrrole 4c was shown to be a low micromolar inhibitor of the MDMX–p53 interaction. Comparision of the MDM2 inhibitory activity of matched pairs of COMPOUND LINKS
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Download mol file of compoundthiobarbituric acid and barbituric acid derivatives shows a 3–20 fold reduction in potency for the oxo-derivatives (e.g.4m and 4c, 4q and 4r, 4v and 4w, 4y and 4z), with the exception of the 4-nitro derivatives 4s and 4t that were equipotent. The 4-N-aryl substitutents had a profound influence on potency for MDM2–p53. Thus, potency was conferred by chloro- or bromo-substituents (4c, 4m, and 4n) or electron-withdrawing groups e.g. nitro or cyano (4q–t). In contrast, larger or electron-donating groups gave poor MDM2 inhibition, e.g. OCH3, t-Bu (4o and 4p). The 4-aryl substituent also significantly influenced activity against MDMX, with 4-nitro- (4s and 4t), 4-cyano- (4q and 4r), or 4-chloro- (4c) N-phenyl substituents conferring the greatest inhibitory potency. The N,N-diethylbarbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid derivatives (4u,v) were 3–4 fold less potent against MDM2 compared with their unsubstituted analogues, whereas the mono-N-methyl analogues (4x,y) were equipotent with their parents. Similarly, N-alkyl substitution on the barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid moiety (4u–z) resulted in a significant loss of MDMX–p53 activity. In all cases reduced solubility was observed for the N-alkyl derivatives.
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Compound | R1 | R2 | X | Y | MDM2 IC50 (μM)a | MDMX IC50 (μM)a |
a n = 3, from resynthesised material. b % inhibition at 50 μM. c n = 6. d n = 4; nd = not determined. | ||||||
4c | H | H | Cl | S | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 4.2 ± 1.2 |
4m | H | H | Cl | O | 0.30 ± 0.03 | nd |
4n | H | H | Br | O | 0.18 ± 0.07 | nd |
4o | H | H | OMe | O | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 13 ± 7 |
4p | H | H | t-Bu | O | 1.9 ± 0.3 | nd |
4q | H | H | CN | O | 4.7 ± 1.9 | 7.0 ± 3.0 |
4r | H | H | CN | S | 0.20 ± 0.07d | 0.90 ± 0.42 |
4s | H | H | NO2 | O | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.68 ± 0.18 |
4t | H | H | NO2 | S | 0.17 ± 0.09d | 0.63 ± 0.12 |
4u | Et | Et | Cl | S | 0.30 ± 0.12c | nd |
4v | Et | Et | Br | O | 0.89 ± 0.04 | 74%b |
4w | Et | Et | Br | S | 0.26 ± 0.05 | nd |
4x | Me | H | Cl | S | 0.11 ± 0.02d | 28 ± 23 |
4y | Me | H | Br | O | 0.34 ± 0.08 | 35 ± 20 |
4z | Me | H | Br | S | 0.073 ± 0.002 | nd |
A series of derivatives with alternative substituents to the barbituric acid was prepared to explore the SAR for this moiety for both MDM2 and MDMX inhibition. Compound 7 was prepared by heating aldehyde 5b with Meldrum's acid 8 in COMPOUND LINKS
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Download mol file of compoundtoluene with piperidine acetate as catalyst (Scheme 2). Reduction of 7 to 9 was achieved with COMPOUND LINKS
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Download mol file of compoundsodium borohydride in COMPOUND LINKS
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Download mol file of compoundethanol. The malonic acid derivatives 10a–e were prepared by condensation of the required malonic acid, ester or amide with aldehyde 5a (Scheme 3). The reaction with COMPOUND LINKS
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Download mol file of compoundmalonic acid gave the decarboxylated product 10f in addition to 10b.
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Scheme 2 Synthesis of substituted triarylpyrroles 7 and 7. Reagents and conditions: (a) COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundtoluene, COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundpiperidine, COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundacetic acid, Δ; (b) NaBH4, COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundEtOH. |
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Scheme 3 Synthesis of substituted triarylpyrroles 10a–f. Reagents and conditions: (a) COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundtoluene, COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundpiperidine, COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundacetic acid, Δ. |
The Meldrum's acid derivative 7 was >100-fold less potent than 8c against MDM2–p53, whereas the reduced derivative 9 suffered a less significant 20-fold reduction in potency (Table 3). The acyclic derivatives 10a–f all lacked significant MDMX–p53 activity, and showed reduced MDM2–p53 potency compared with 4c. The dimethyl malonate derivative 10a was essentially inactive, whereas the malonic acid derivative 10b showed modest activity against MDM2–p53. The malonamide derivative 10c showed similar activity to 10b, whereas the N-alkyl malonamide derivatives 10d and 10e showed a 3- and 6-fold loss of potency against MDM2–p53. The monocarboxylic acid analogue 10f was only weakly active against MDM2–p53 and inactive against MDMX–p53. These results suggest that binding to MDM2 requires at least one H-bond donor in the 4-substituent.
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Compound | Structure | R | X | Y | MDM2 IC50 (μM)a | MDMX IC50 (μM)a |
a n = 3. b n = 5. c n = 1; nd = not determined. | ||||||
7 | A | Me | Br | O | 17 ± 4b | nd |
9 | B | Me | Br | O | 2.9 ± 0.7b | nd |
10a | C | — | Cl | OMe | >50 | >50 |
10b | C | — | Cl | OH | 2.9 ± 0.2 | >50 |
10c | C | — | Cl | NH2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 30c |
10d | C | — | Cl | NHMe | 7.6 ± 0.4 | 30c |
10e | C | — | Cl | NH(CH2)2OH | 15 ± 3 | 42c |
10f | D | — | Cl | OH | 17 ± 3 | >50 |
A series of 2-alkyl-1,5-diarylpyrroles 11 was designed to probe the SAR about the pyrrole for MDM2 and MDMX inhibition (Table 4). Their synthesis required the preparation of 1,4-diketones 12via a Stetter reaction followed by cyclisation with the appropriate aniline (Scheme 4).31 Formylation of pyrrole 13 gave an inseparable mixture of isomers (14) that was reacted with barbituric acid affording a mixture of 3- and 4-isomers 11 that were only separable by HPLC (e.g. X = Cl). The limited practicality of this route prompted the search for a method capable of yielding either regioisomer, as required. Thus, β-ketoesters 15, prepared from COMPOUND LINKS
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Download mol file of compoundMeldrum's acid 12, were subjected to a tandem homologation/addition sequence mediated by the Furukawa reagent,32 with oxidation of the intermediate providing the α-ester 1,4-diketones 16 (Scheme 5).27 Regiospecific synthesis of 3-, and 4-substituted pyrroles was achieved by variation of the R-groups on the β-ketoester and the aldehyde, providing both regioisomeric α-ester 1,4-diketones 16 that were combined with the required aniline. This is a versatile and efficient approach to a variety of 1,2,3-trisubstituted pyrroles. The aldehydes 17 were prepared from the esters 18 by DIBAL-H reduction to the corresponding alcohols 19 followed by oxidation.33 Condensation with COMPOUND LINKS
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Download mol file of compoundthiobarbituric acid gave the desired non-symmetrically substituted pyrroles 11b–g.
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Compound | Isomer | R1 | X | Y | MDM2 IC50a (μM) | MDMX IC50b (μM) |
a n = 3. b n = 1. c n = 4; nd = not determined. | ||||||
11a | Mixture | Me | Cl | O | >1 | nd |
11b | 3 | t-Bu | Br | S | 0.76 ± 0.27c | 963 |
11c | 3 | t-Bu | Cl | S | 1.1 ± 0.7c | 1684 |
11d | 4 | CyPr | Cl | S | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 3486 |
11e | 4 | CyPr | Br | S | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 3428 |
11f | 3 | CyPr | Cl | S | 2.1 ± 2.7 | 4916 |
11g | 3 | CyPr | Br | S | 2.2 ± 2.7 | 5322 |
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Scheme 4 Synthesis of substituted diarylpyrrole 11a. Reagents and conditions: (a) 3-benzyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride, NEt3, RT; (b) TFA, TFE, MW, 150 °C, 20 min; (c) POCl3, DMF, 0–70 °C MW, 1 h; (d) barbituric acid, AcOH, 120 °C. |
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Scheme 5 Synthesis of substituted diarylpyrroles 11b–g. Reagents and conditions: (a) COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundpyridine, R1COCl, DCM, 0 °C; (b) COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundEtOH, COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundtoluene, reflux; (c) CH2I2, Et2Zn, R2CHO DCM 0 °C; (d) PCC, DCM, R.T.; (e) TFA, TFE, MW, 150 °C or PTSA, COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundtoluene, Dean–Stark; (f) DIBAL-H, DCM, −78 °C; (g) TPAP, NMO, 4 Å MS, DCM, rt; (h) COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundthiobarbituric acid, AcOH, 120 °C-rt. |
Substitution of the 2-phenyl residue with a methyl group resulted in a greater than 3-fold loss of MDM2 inhibitory potency for the mixture of regioisomers 11a (Table 4). Replacement of the 5-phenyl with a tert-butyl group (11b,c) gave a small loss of MDM2 inhibitory potency, independent of the position of the thiobarbituric acid residue, but resulted in a >200 fold loss of potency for MDMX. Similarly, the 2- or 5-cyclopropyl derivatives retained modest MDM2 inhibitory activity, independent of the position of the thiobarbituric acid residue, but were inactive against MDMX.
The binding modes for 4c in both MDM2 and MDMX (Fig. 1) show good overlap with two of the aryl substituents of the imidazole series (1a,b). In particular, the N-4-chlorophenyl ring occupies the pocket normally filled by Trp23 of p53 for both MDM2 and MDMX,14 overlaying the chloroindole ring of 1a or 1b. The 5-phenyl ring of the pyrrole occupies the Phe19 pocket with good overlap with the 1-phenyl ring of 1a or 1b. The remaining phenyl ring is accommodated by the Leu26 pocket with a less well defined overlap and different vector compared with the original ligands. The thiobarbituric acid group projects away from the protein surface into the space occupied by the carboxylic acid residue of 1a and the amide group of 1b, suggesting that these groups may act, in part, as a hydrophilic cap.37
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Fig. 1 Modeled binding mode of 4c (green) overlayed with: (A) 1b (magenta) in MDM2 (light blue); (B) 1a (purple) in MDMX (pink), binding pockets for p53 residues are indicated. |
The MDM2 binding mode model is consistent with the observed SARs, as the Trp23 pocket of MDM2 shows a strong preference for haloaromatic groups as seen in the X-ray structures of high-affinity ligands. The preference for haloaromatic groups in the MDMX Trp23 binding-pocket is not as well established as for MDM2 due to the smaller number of deposited structures; however, the SARs in this series suggest that the pocket is similar to that in MDM2.
The role of the barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid group is less well explained by the models. The positioning of the groups in the models is consistent with that seen for the amide of 1a bound to MDMX and the acid group of 1b bound to MDM2, and raises the possibility that COMPOUND LINKS
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Download mol file of compoundwater mediated H-bonding to the protein backbone may be important for affinity.
The modelling of 11c into MDM2 and MDMX shows the N-4-chlorophenyl group occupying the Trp23 pocket as seen for 4c (Fig. 2). The t-butyl residue is positioned into the Phe19 binding pocket, which is occupied by a number of alkyl substituents in recent MDM2 X-ray structures, e.g. the MI-series (3LBL)19 and the AM-8553 series (4ERE).18 The MDMX structure also places the t-butyl group into the Phe19 pocket, but the 5-phenyl ring no longer makes a good interaction with Leu26 pocket which appears to be broader and shallower than for MDM2. This observation may explain the dramatic loss in MDMX potency for this series, compared with the retention of MDM2 potency. Interestingly, the model of 11d (ESI†), demonstrates the same arrangement of substituents, regardless of the positioning of the thiobarbituric acid moiety on the pyrrole ring.
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Fig. 2 Modeled binding mode of 1,2-diarylpyrrole 11c (green) overlayed with MDM2 (blue mesh) and MDMX (solid pink). |
Cell lines with defined MDM2 and p53 status were treated with increasing concentrations (0.1, 0.2 and 5 μM) of pyrroles 3, 4c and 4d to investigate the transcriptional activation of p53 and the subsequent induction of p53-dependent proteins by Western blotting. In the SJSA-1 line (MDM2 amplified, p53wt) induction of MDM2, p53 and p21 was clearly visible at 5 μM for each compound (Fig. 3). In the A2780 line (p53wt) induction of MDM2 and p21 is observed for 4c and 4d, but not for 3. Higher levels of p53 obscured any induction in this case. In contrast, in the A2780 CP70 line (p53 mutant) no induction of MDM2, p53, and p21 was observed. In contrast to the growth inhibition data, these results clearly demonstrate a p53-dependent cellular response to the pyrroles.
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Fig. 3 Cellular activity of 3, 4c and 4d for p53 pathway activation detected by western blotting in cell lines treated with increasing concentrations (μM) for 4 h: (A) SJSA-1 cells; (B) A2780 cells; and (C) A2780CP70 cells. |
Compounds with COMPOUND LINKS
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Download mol file of compoundN-phenylpyrrole or alkylidene barbituric acid groups have been identified as ‘frequent-hitters’ in HTS campaigns.38 With this in mind, it is likely that, despite the ability of these compounds to activate p53 dependent cellular processes, the modest growth inhibition seen for this series is the result of additional off-target activity.
DCM | Dichloromethane |
DIBAL-H | Di-isopropylaluminium hydride |
DIPEA | Diisopropylethyl amine |
DMF |
COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundN,N-Dimethylformamide |
DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
MDM | Murine double minute |
NMO |
COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundN-Methylmorpholine-N-oxide |
PCC | Pyridinium chlorochromate |
PTSA |
COMPOUND LINKS Read more about this on ChemSpider Download mol file of compoundp-Toluenesulfonic acid |
SAR | Structure–activity relationship |
SRB | Sulforhodamine B |
TFA | Trifluoroacetic acid |
TFE | 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol |
THF | Tetrahydrofuran |
TPAP | Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate |
wt | Wild-type. |
Footnote |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental details for compound synthesis, analytical data for all compounds and intermediates. Details for the biological evaluation. Further details for the modeling. Table of combustion analysis data. See DOI: 10.1039/c3md00161j |
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 |