Abbreviations and glossary

1,25(OH)2D	1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
25(OH)D	25-Hydroxyvitamin D
AK	Actinic keratosis
AO	Arctic oscillation. A large-scale variation in Arctic wind patterns
AOD	Aerosol optical depth
APase	Alkaline phosphatase
APC	Antigen presenting cell
ASL	Above sea level
BCC	Basal cell carcinoma(s)
Br	Bromine. An ozone-depleting chemical
BrO	Bromine monoxide
BSWF	Biological spectral weighting functions
BWF	Biological weighting function
CAS	Chemical Abstracts Service
CAT	Catalase
CC	Cortical cataract(s)
CCM	Chemistry-climate model. Used to predict future changes in atmospheric composition
CDFA	Chlorodifluoroacetic acid
CDK	Climatic droplet keratopathy
CDOC	Coloured dissolved organic carbon
CDOM	Coloured (or chromophoric) dissolved organic matter
CFC	Chlorofluorocarbon. Ozone-depleting substances (e.g. CFCl2 radical, and dichlorodifluoromethane or Freon-12 (CCl2F2)), now controlled under the Montreal Protocol
CH	Contact hypersensitivity
CH4	Methane. A greenhouse gas
CIE	Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (International Commission on Illumination)
Cl	Chlorine. An ozone-depleting substance
CM	Cutaneous melanoma
CO	Carbon monoxide
CO2	Carbon dioxide. A greenhouse gas
COS	Carbonyl sulfide
CPD	Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer
Cu	Copper, Cu(I) and Cu(II) being different oxidation states
DIC	Dissolved inorganic carbon
DMS	Dimethylsulfide
DMSP	Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
DOC	Dissolved organic carbon
DOM	Dissolved organic matter
DON	Dissolved organic nitrogen
DSB	Double strand break
DTH	Delayed type hypersensitivity
DU	Dobson unit. Used for the measurement of total column ozone (1 DU = 2.69 × 10^16 molecule cm^−2)
EAE	Experimental allergic encephalitis
EDUCE	European Database for Ultraviolet Radiation Climatology and Evaluation
EESC	Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine. A term used to represent the total chlorine concentration in the stratosphere from all sources of ozone-depleting substances (including CFCs, HCl, Cl2, ClONO2, etc.) and a scaled contribution from other halocarbons and bromine, taking its ODP into account
ENSO	El Niño Southern Oscillation. A large-scale climate variability in the Pacific region
EP	Earth Probe. A NASA satellite
EPA	Environmental Protection Agency (USA)
EV	Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Fe	Iron, Fe(II) and Fe(III) being different oxidation states
FMI	Finnish Meteorological Institute
GHG	Greenhouse gas
Glu I	A pathogenesis-related (PR) protein
GST	Glutathione-S-transferase
GWP	Global warming potential. A measure of the warming effectiveness of a gas compared with CO2
HALS	Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer
HCFC	Hydrochlorofluorocarbon. Interim replacements for CFCs with small ozone depletion potential (e.g. R22: chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2), to be phased out
HFC	Hydrofluorocarbon. Long-term replacements for CFCs
HFO	Hydrofluoro-olefin
Hg	Mercury, Hg(0)aq and Hg(II) being different oxidation states
HIV	Human immunodeficiency virus
HPV	Human papillomavirus
HSV	Herpes simplex virus
HY5	Transcription factor HY5, which is a key downstream effector of the UVR8 (UV-regulatory protein) pathway
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
IL	Interleukin
Ink4a	Murine inhibitor of kinase 4a protein (gene when in italics)
IPCC	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPF	Immune protection factor
kDa	Kilodalton
KNMI	Dutch National Institute for Weather, Climate and Seismology (Netherlands)
L˙	Lipid radical
MAAs	Mycosporine-like amino acids
Mb	Megabase, equal to 1 million base pairs
MC1R	Melanocortin 1 receptor
MHC	Major histocompatibility complex
MS	Multiple sclerosis
N2O	Nitrous oxide. A greenhouse gas that is also a source of NO2
NAO	North Atlantic Oscillation. A large-scale variation and redistribution of atmospheric mass in the Atlantic region producing large changes in the Northern hemisphere dynamics
NASA	National Aeronautic and Space Administration (USA).
NaTFA	Sodium trifluoroacetate
NC	Nuclear cataract(s)
NCAR	National Centre for Atmospheric Research (USA)
NH	Northern Hemisphere
NIMBUS-7	A NASA satellite
NIVR	Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programmes
NMHCs	Non-methane hydrocarbons
NMSC	Non-melanoma skin cancer
NO	Nitric oxide. An ozone-depleting gas
NO2	Nitrogen dioxide. An ozone-depleting gas
NOAA	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA)
NOEC	No observed effect concentration
NOx	Nitrogen oxides
O3	Ozone
OCS	Carbonyl sulfide
ODP	Ozone depletion potential. The ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of CFC-11. Thus, the ODP of CFC-11 is defined to be 1.0
ODS	Ozone-depleting substance(s) (e.g. CFCs)
˙OH	Hydroxyl radical. An important atmospheric cleaning agent
OMI	Ozone Monitoring Instrument. On board the Aura satellite
OTR	Organ transplant recipient
P	Phosphorous
PAH	Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon(s)
PAM	Pulse amplitude modulated (fluorescence)
PAR	Photosynthetically Active Radiation, 400–700 nm waveband
PAUR II	Photochemical Activity and solar Ultraviolet Radiation campaign 2
pCO2	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PEC	Predicted environmental concentration
PER	Photoenzymatic repair
Pg	Petagram (1 × 10^12 grams)
PHR1	The gene encoding CPD photolyase
PNEC	Predicted no effect concentration
POC	Particulate organic carbon
POM	Particulate organic matter
PR	Pathogenesis-related proteins
PSC	Posterior subcapsular cataract(s)
PSC	Polar stratospheric cloud. Ice crystals which form at high altitudes in Polar regions when the temperature is below a critical threshold
PSI	Photosystem I
PSII	Photosystem II
Ptc	Murine patch protein (gene when in italics)
PTCH	Human patch protein (gene when in italics)
QBO	Quasi-biennial oscillation. A shift in wind patterns – especially over the tropics – with a period of approximately 2.2 years
RA	Rheumatoid arthritis
Radiative forcing	A measure of the influence a factor (e.g. GHGs, ice albedo, tropospheric aerosols, etc.) has in altering the balance of incoming solar and outgoing infrared irradiance (W m^−2) in the Earth-atmosphere system. It is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism. Radiative forcing is approximately proportional to temperature changes at Earth's surface, so a positive radiative forcing is associated with heating in the troposphere
RAF	Radiation amplification factor. A measure of sensitivity to ozone change
ROS	Reactive oxygen species (˙OH for example)
RT	Radiative transfer
SAGE	Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment. A satellite-based instrument
SCC	Squamous cell carcinoma
SH	Southern hemisphere
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
SZA	Solar zenith angle. The angle of the sun away from the vertical; at noon, it represents the highest point that the sun reaches
TFA	Trifluoroacetic acid
Th1	T-helper 1
Th2	T-helper 2
TOMS	Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. A satellite-based instrument
Treg cell	T-regulatory cell
Troposphere	Lowest part of the earth's atmosphere (0–16 km)
UCA	Urocanic acid
UNEP	United Nations Environment Programme
UV	Ultraviolet. Wavelengths from 100 nm to 400 nm. Ozone and other atmospheric gases progressively absorb more and more of the radiation at wavelengths less than 320 nm. Only those greater than 290 nm are transmitted to the Earth's surface
UV-A	Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths in the 315 to 400 nm range. Weakly absorbed by ozone
UV-B	Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths in the 280 to 315 nm range. Strongly absorbed by ozone
UV-C	Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths in the 100 to 280 nm range. Solar UV-C is not transmitted to Earth's surface
UVEry	Erythemally-weighted UV irradiance, where the irradiance is weighted by the erythemal action spectrum
UVI	UV index. A measure of erythemally-weighted UV for providing information to the public. UVI values greater than 10 are considered “extreme” by the WHO. If UV-Ery is specified in units of W m^−2, then UVI = 40 × UV-Ery
UVR8	UV-regulatory protein
VDR	Vitamin D receptor
VOC	Volatile organic compound(s)
WMO	World Meteorological Organization
WOUDC	World Ozone and UV Data Centre
XP	Xeroderma pigmentosum

---