Circulatory vascular diseases, especially those arising from atherosclerosis, are the predominant cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world. Current therapies include the use of autologous vessels or synthetic materials as vessel replacements. The limited availability of healthy vessels for use as bypass grafts and the failure of purely synthetic materials in small-diameter sites necessitate the development of biological substitutes. Langer and Vacanti, proposed the concept of tissue engineering for the development of structures that can treat/replace damaged or diseased organs and tissues. The layer-by-layer (
