News
Legislation
Stalemate on EU chemicals review
The European Commission's controversial proposals for an overhaul of the EU's chemicals policy has met a logjam, at the centre of which is a dispute between two of the Commission's own directorates.The extent of the disagreements was revealed in an internal memo leaked to the press late last year. The paper set out competing positions from the Enterprise and Environment directorates for the design of the new system, known as Reach. The Commission was due to publish formal proposals in December but let the deadline slip. However, a new draft is expected shortly, followed by a consultation period before the Commission tables a final legislative text.
The dispute centres on the authorisation procedure for the most dangerous chemicals. The Enterprise Directorate, under pressure from industry, has been lobbying for authorisation to apply only for chemicals classed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), or as carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMRs). The Environment Directorate wants to add persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals (PBTs and vPvBs). The latter position is endorsed by most national governments and MEPs; needless to say, some want to go further still.
Under the current proposals, a wide range of chemicals already subject to sector-specific controls would be exempt from authorisation [JEM, 2001, 3, 85N; 2002, 4, 67N]. These include pesticides, biocides, cosmetics, radioactive substances and some substances mixed with waste. Substances being used under “well-controlled industrial conditions” would also escape. Three other criteria for granting or rejecting authorisation are also being proposed: risk posed by the substance; its socio-economic benefit; and the availability of safer alternatives. NGOs have been particularly critical of these criteria, which they say strike at the heart of the whole reforms by lessening the onus on industry to innovate.
Ministers from the EU Member States reiterated their support for the reforms at their meeting in December. The UK urged for the planned authorisation procedure to be extended to cover endocrine-disrupting chemicals and respiratory sensitisers, and published a position paper outlining its approach. As usual, the proposals failed to please either side in the debate. NGOs said the proposals ignored the precautionary principle and failed to commit to phasing out chemicals, while the CIA, representing industry, said the UK scheme was “still too burdensome”. Germany, the EU's largest chemicals producer, and Denmark, its most progressive environmental member, have also been active in keeping the pressure on the Commission over the chemicals plan.
Meanwhile the US government has also weighed into the debate, issuing a report that was highly critical of the Reach reforms. The proposals would distort trade and competition, the paper says, and make life very difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises. The international aspects cause particular concern and could breach WTO rules. But this stance was rebuffed by US environmental groups, who claimed that it simply echoed the criticisms of the US chemical industry, which has long voiced concerns over the direction of European chemicals policy. Rather than hamper innovation, Reach could in fact create new opportunities for US (and European) suppliers, they say.
European Commission: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/index_en.htm; Council for European Chemical Industries (CEFIC): http://www.cefic.be; UK Department for Environment, Position Paper: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/chemicals/pdf/necs-ukposition.pdf; Chemical Industries Association: http://www.cia.org.uk; Greenpeace: http://www.greenpeace.org.ukGo ahead for greenhouse gas scheme
EU Member States have agreed the ground rules for a Europe-wide emission trading scheme for carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The agreement, which was based on compromise proposals drafted under the Danish Presidency, has been widely welcomed as a major step forward for European environmental policy. It includes an option of trading pools within industry sectors, a limited opt-out clause during the first three years, and the possibility for Member States to auction up to 10% of emission allowances from 2008.The most contentious area has been whether participation in the scheme should be mandatory from the outset [JEM, 2002, 4, 100N]. Under the agreement, the first three years will constitute a period of “learning-by-doing”, during which Member States will be able to exempt individual installations or industry sectors from the cap-and-trade rules. However, exempted installations must commit to equivalent emissions cuts and will be subject to the same reporting and verification requirements, carrying equivalent penalties for non-compliance, as plants within the trading scheme. The Commission retains the right to veto opt-outs, and in any case no opt-outs will be allowed from 2008. Member States can also allow installations within an industrial sector to form voluntary trading pools for the whole duration of the scheme.
The Commission also retains the right of veto over national emission allowance allocation plans; it will develop allocation criteria to guide Member States by December 2003. From 2008 Member States may apply to include non-CO2 greenhouse gases in national trading. Again the Commission has right of veto over any extension and will grant approval based on impact on the environmental integrity of the scheme, monitoring reliability and EU competition and internal market rules.
The fine for exceeding emission caps during the first three years has been reduced from €50 to €40 per tonne of CO2, increasing to €100 from 2008. Firms will in any case have to make the cuts in the following year. In the first phase all emission allowances must be free of charge; in the second governments will be allowed to auction up to 10% of their allowances.
The agreement came as new projections showed that further action would be needed to curb greenhouse gas emissions for the EU to reach its obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. According to the European Environment Agency, the latest projections provided by Member States show that existing policies and measures – those already being implemented at domestic or European level - will yield a total EU emissions cut of 4.7% by 2010 [JEM, 2002, 4, 7N]. This is 3.3 percentage points short of the Kyoto requirement. But the use of emissions trading, together with additional measures under discussion could, if fully implemented, still ensure that the EU meets its target.
EU Council of Ministers: http://www.consilium.eu.int; Danish EU Presidency: http://www.eu2002.dk; European Environment Agency: “Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe”, Environmental Issue Report No 33, available at http://reports.eea.eu.intMinisters agree GMO deal
EU environment ministers have finally reached agreement on legislation on the tracking and labelling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products made from them. The deal, which was brokered by the Danish Presidency at an EU meeting in December, bridges deep divisions over the handling of bulk GMO shipments [JEM, 2002, 4, 67N].The main sticking point had been over mixed bulk shipments of GMOs intended for use in food, feed or processing. Here it was agreed that labels should show that GMOs “have been used” to create the mixture. The European Commission, together with Britain and the Netherlands, had opposed this formulation, but eventually accepted subject to a review of the scheme after two years. They were concerned that such designations would be contrary to the UN Cartagena Protocol on biosafety [JEM, 2000, 2, 27N] and could escalate trade tensions with the US, which opposes any special labelling. France and some other countries had wanted even stricter labelling rules but settled for the compromise offer.
The agreement introduces a traceability system in which all movements of GMOs are to be labelled with codes identifying the modification event. Labelling provisions for food and feed products, with tolerance thresholds for accidental GM content in non-GM products, were agreed separately by agriculture ministers. Once finalised, the legislation should lead to an end to the EU's moratorium on new GMO approvals [JEM, 2002, 4, 11N & 24N]. However, some countries are continuing to push for further safeguards, such as the inclusion of GMOs in draft EU environmental liability rules, before they will consider lifting the GMOs ban.
European Commission: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/index_en.htm; Danish Presidency: http://www.eu2002.dkEnvironmental quality
US-Canada air pollution on track
The United States and Canada are on target to meet their commitments on air quality according to the latest report on transboundary air pollution, but further work is needed. That is the message of the sixth biennial Progress Report on acid rain, ozone and other transboundary air quality cooperation as part of the 1991 United States-Canada Air Quality Agreement.The report outlines new requirements for the Ozone Annex to the Agreement signed in December 2000 [JEM, 2000, 2, 93N]. It is the first to provide ambient air quality data for ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons for all sites within 500 kilometres of the US-Canada border. Other items include: details of joint efforts on analysis of transboundary particulate matter (PM); and the second five-year comprehensive review of the Air Quality Agreement which assesses the Agreement's effectiveness.
Sulfur dioxide emissions from all affected utility units in 2001 achieved about a 32% reduction from 1990 emissions levels and a 5% reduction from 2000 levels. Nitrogen oxide emissions from all utilities in 2001 also continued a downward trend achieving a 30% decline from 1990 emissions levels and an 8% reduction from 2000 emissions. The report also cites analysis of a national long-term wet deposition network (called the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN)), which shows continued dramatic reductions in sulfate deposition, up to 30% over the past decade.
A further report confirms major reductions in SO2 and NOx in the US nationwide under the Acid Rain Program [JEM, 2002, 4, 40N]. Created as part of the 1990 Clean Air Act, the Program is based on an innovative market-based cap and trade approach. As part of its Clear Skies Act, the Bush Administration is proposing an extension of this model with the aim of cutting SO2, NOx and mercury emissions by 70% beyond their 2000 levels [JEM, 2002, 4, 19N & 67N].
EPA: “United States-Canada Air Quality Agreement 2002 Progress Report”, http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/usca/2002report.html; and “Acid Rain Program 2001 Progress Report”, http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmprpt/arp01/index.html.US-Mexico air quality strategy
The US and Mexican governments have unveiled a new Air Quality Strategy to address transboundary air pollution along their border. The Strategy identifies a series of actions to help improve border air quality, focusing on the exchange of information and encouraging coordinated planning, management and innovation. It is one element of the Border 2012 Programme for environmental protection launched by the two governments late last year [JEM, 2002, 4, 101N].As a first step, US government agencies, led by the EPA, will work with their Mexican counterparts to identify appropriate pilot projects in consultation with relevant stakeholders such as states, local governments, the business community and the private sector. A report on potential projects will be made by 1st April 2003. These projects will serve as a foundation for developing new strategies to improve air quality along the border.
EPA is also setting up a US-Mexican Border Compliance Assistance Center to help individuals involved in importing hazardous waste into the United States from Mexico. Scheduled for launch in Spring 2003, the Center will provide comprehensive, easy-to-understand compliance information, and complement 10 similar centres across the US.
EPA, US-Mexico Border Initiative: http://www.epa.gov/usmexicoborder/index.htmGood progress on Baltic clean-up
A twenty-year programme aimed at cleaning up the Baltic Sea has reached its half-way point and is making good progress, according to Helcom, the international body charged with its implementation.Launched in 1992, Helcom's Action Programme has identified 132 regional pollution hot spots, which are being tackled through a €18 billion investment fund. Of these 51 have now been fully treated and removed from the list. Remedial actions in the remaining 81 hot spots are continuing, involving either capital investment or in some cases factory closures.
Helcom has also completed a three-year project to identify the most cost-effective ways of eliminating certain hazardous substances in the region by 2020. Ministers pledged to phase-out over 70 such substances in a 1998 environmental declaration. The study provides information on production and use, sources of emissions and discharges and possible pathways to the marine environment, together with details of how to eliminate their release. Advice on how to substitute hazardous substances with non-hazardous ones is also documented. The report confirms that 26 pesticides selected for priority action are no longer in use in the Helcom states.
The key challenge now, according to Helcom spokesman Göte Svensson, is to adjust to the changing political context. With the exception of Russia, all of the states bordering the Baltic are either EU members or are due to join the EU within two years. This will inevitably mean a larger role for the EU in the region's environmental affairs, and Helcom must adapt to these new conditions.
Helsinki Commission: http://www.helcom.fiChemical hazards
EU searches for pesticides consensus
Wide differences are emerging on the future direction of pesticide strategy in Europe. Echoing the bitter row over reform of chemicals regulation (see separate item this issue), EU institutions, governments and stakeholders are split on a draft “thematic strategy” which will dictate pesticide policy across the EU.The long-awaited proposals were unveiled by the European Commission last summer [JEM, 2002, 4, 57N & 70N]. Among the measures up for discussion were the introduction of pesticide-free zones, a ban on aerial crop spraying and greater use of the substitution principle in the approval of active ingredients. Contrary to speculation, the proposals contained no overall EU target to reduce pesticide use and no immediate plans for an EU pesticides tax.
As the initial consultation period ended, opinion on the measures remained deeply divided. The extent to which the strategy should aim at pesticide use reduction, set specific targets or timetables and the appropriate level of harmonisation across Europe are all major sticking points. Countries with strict pesticide-control measures already in place, such as the Nordic countries and the Netherlands, want to see similar restrictions being imposed in other Member States. And at national level, there are conflicts between the interests of large, intensive farming operations and those of small farmers, and between pesticide manufacturers and other stakeholders.
In a recent report on the issue, Kathleen Van Brempt, the Belgian MEP coordinating the European Parliament's response, called for the EU to set clear goals for pesticide use reduction. Attacking the “lack of ambition” in the Commission strategy, Ms Van Brempt claimed there was a clear need for “urgent and mandatory action” and supported calls by environmental groups for the EU to aim for a 50% cut in pesticide use. The strategy should also be extended to cover biocides and require national pesticide use and risk reduction programmes, the MEP argues. Other measures being suggested include the introduction of financial instruments, such as pesticide taxes; mandatory targets for integrated crop management; financial support for organic farming; and new limits on pesticide residues in food.
NGOs, such as the Pesticide Action Network, support targeted funding to promote integrated crop management and organic farming, a revision of existing EU legislation to immediately ban some pesticides, and mandatory usage reduction plans for all Member States. But the European Crop Protection Association has rejected an approach based on mandatory quantitative reductions of pesticide use, supporting instead a reduction of risk achieved through better technology and improved user education. It called for efforts to focus on promoting best practice by training farmers to use “as little product as possible, but as much as necessary”.
European Commission, Pesticides Policy: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ppps/home.htm; European Parliament, Van Brempt Report: http://www.europarl.eu.int/committees/envi_home.htm; PAN Europe: http://www.pan-europe.net; ECPA: http://www.ecpa.beScientists question BDE assessments
EU experts have added to the row over the controversial flame retardant deca-BDE by questioning key conclusions from a recent risk assessment. The assessment completed late last year found no risks to health or environment but said more tests were needed to determine, among other things, whether the substance could break down in the environment into more toxic products [JEM, 2002, 4, 104N]. A number of further studies have since been commissioned to clear up remaining points.But in a review of the latest version of the risk assessment, the EU's Scientific Committee on Toxicology, Ecotoxicology and the Environment (CSTEE) says the level of uncertainty surrounding the chemical's environmental impact already warrants risk reduction. And it says the conclusion that no extra controls are needed to reduce human exposure is also unjustified, for the same reason.
To support its case, CSTEE cites the risk of human and environmental exposure to brominated dioxins and furans created by incinerating deca-containing plastics in end-of-life appliances. It notes that the presence of bromine may even decrease the apparent level of chlorine-derived dioxins and furans, suggesting that emission limits are being met while the real level of harmful dioxins and furans is higher and unnoticed. The official risk assessment acknowledges the potential problem, but the committee says its conclusion that no extra measures are needed to reduce worker exposure is flawed. It calculates that intake could be 50 times recommended levels.
The Committee raises similar concerns over a second brominated flame retardant, octa-BDE, which is also the subject of detailed risk assessment.
Scientific Committee on Toxicology, Ecotoxicology and the Environment (CSTEE): Opinions on deca-BDE and octa-BDE, http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/sct/index_en.htmlCreosote ban gets the all clear
The European Commission has cleared regulations governing the marketing and use of the wood preservative creosote in the Netherlands, and has indicated that some elements of the Dutch scheme are likely to be adopted at EU level.Under an EU Directive of 2001, the sale to the public of creosote and creosote-treated timber is already scheduled to be banned from this July, mainly because it contains benzo-a-pyrene (BaP), classified as a carcinogen. Industrial uses of creosote will still be permitted but only with strict limits on BaP concentration. The Dutch regime goes further, primarily to prevent the industrial use of creosote-treated wood where it might come into contact with water, a view that was backed by the EU's own scientific experts [JEM, 1999, 1, 43N; 2001, 3, 59N].
The Commission has accepted that the directive is based on human health rather than environmental concerns, and may need to be amended “on the basis of all scientific evidence”.
European Commission: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/index_en.htmPhthalates latest
The EU's debate over phthalates rumbles on, with both Sweden and Denmark moving to tighten the noose on the substances, which are used as softeners and plasticisers in PVC products.In Sweden, chemical agency Kemi has angered industry by releasing a proposed list of restrictions on DEHP, one of the key phthalates, before a risk assessment of the chemical had definitively closed. Its draft EU risk reduction strategy suggests banning the substance in children's toys, certain medical devices and food contact packaging for fatty foods. In the longer-term, Kemi suggests restrictions on DEHP in all medical devices and even in some high production volume products such as roofing, cables, hoses, car undercoating and shoe soles. Recent risk assessments have concluded that the risk from DEHP have been underestimated [JEM, 2002, 4, 43N].
Industry association ECPI claimed the document was misleading because it does not take into account new toxicological study results. Of most concern was the suggestion to restrict DEHP in medical devices used to care for newly born babies and other sensitive patient groups. ECPI says this recommendation ignores a recent opinion from the EU's scientific committee on medical devices, which concluded there was no need to limit the use of DEHP in any particular patient group.
Meanwhile, the Danish government has given retailers and toy importers one year to suggest how phthalate plasticisers could be removed from toys for children aged three-to-six. Current restrictions focus on toys and childcare items intended to be sucked or mouthed by under-threes; the Danish move is the first initiative targeting items for an older age group. Industry representatives agreed to come forward with such a plan during the course of this year. Studies have shown phthalates are still in widespread use in Scandinavia despite national and EU bans [JEM, 2002, 4, 58N].
The EU's original “emergency ban” on the use of six phthalate softeners in PVC toys designed to be used by under-threes continues to be renewed on a three-month basis [JEM, 2000, 2, 8N]. The latest extension, the 20th since the ban was introduced in 1999, covers the period to February 2003. Member states have still to reach agreement on whether to make the ban permanent or instead to introduce limits on phthalate migration into children's saliva [JEM, 2002, 4, 10N].
Kemi: http://www.kemi.se; European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates: http://www.ecpi.org; Healthcare Without Harm: http://www.noharm.org; Danish Environment Ministry: http://www.mim.dkIndustry reviews endocrine testing
The chemical industry's experiences in testing for environmental and health impacts of potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) were examined at a recent conference organised by European chemicals association CEFIC.Addressing the conference, Professor Peter Calow of Sheffield University, UK and a member of the EU's Scientific Toxicology Committee, said that much of industry's testing on EDCs appeared to lack relevance to the substances' real-life effects. “It's a big disappointment that there isn't really a major, if any, step towards wildlife studies to establish ecological consequences,” said Professor Calow. He noted that the programme was very good at researching the effects of EDCs on individuals, “but not all of these effects are relevant at the population level”.
The conference was the fourth annual meeting of CEFIC's Long-Range Research Initiative (LRI), a voluntary programme launched in 1999 and building on existing research funding. The LRI is funding €23m worth of projects from 2002 until 2005, with testing of EDCs a main theme. The initiative mirrors an EU strategy on these chemicals being coordinated by the European Commission. Most recently this resulted in a priority list of 12 EDCs targeted for further research.
Responding to Professor Calow's remarks, Gernot Klotz, Head of the LRI's EDC programme, said that European industry wanted to fund more work on the effects of EDCs on populations and ecosystems. But he said this needed the involvement of more stakeholders, and assurances that the results would be recognised by EU policymakers. The European Commission's own recently announced EDC research programme foresees no similar studies, he pointed out [JEM, 2002, 4, 57N].
CEFIC: http://www.cefic.orgDanish PCBs persist
Despite a 25-year ban, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continue to be widespread in the Danish environment, according to a new study by the National Environmental Research Institute (DMU).DMU scientists analysed samples of sewage sludge, soil and sediment from Roskilde, eastern Denmark for a total of 43 substances, including PCBs. The study found that “PCBs were the most abundant organohalogen in the environment”, even though they had been banned since 1977.
One aim of the study was to demonstrate that “it is possible to map the…distribution of the most persistent compounds, revealing important clues regarding the occurrence, sources, transport, fate and history of xenobiotics”. A DMU spokesman described the results as “disquieting”.
Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser: http://www.dmu.dkOECD rejects PFOS controls
OECD countries have decided against the immediate introduction of common controls on the persistent chemical perfluorooctylsulphonate (PFOS) and its salts after endorsing a hazard assessment on the group. Governments are to undertake their own exposure and risk assessments instead.PFOS hit the headlines three years ago when US manufacturer 3M announced a voluntary withdrawal of the chemical, citing its tendency to persist and bioaccumulate in the environment [JEM, 2000, 2, 61N]. At the request of the USA, which was urging regulation, the OECD subsequently launched a hazard assessment of PFOS aimed at determining what, if any, risk management actions would be appropriate. The work was completed last summer and endorsed by a recent meeting of the OECD's Chemicals Committee.
OECD members agreed to contact manufacturers in their countries to ascertain the future prospects for PFOS production, including whether a phase out is likely. They also agreed to report each year on new information related to the chemical's production, use and exposure routes.
OECD: http://www.oecd.orgPublic and occupational health
Cancer report lists estrogens, UV and wood dust
Steroidal estrogens used in estrogen replacement therapy and oral contraceptives are among 16 new substances listed as being “known” human carcinogens. The listings are presented in the US government's Tenth Report on Carcinogens (RoC), a biennial report intended to keep the public informed about cancer risks. This latest edition brings the total of substances listed under the RoC process to 228.The Tenth RoC newly lists the group of hormones known as steroidal estrogens in the “known human carcinogens” category. A number of the individual steroidal estrogens were already listed as “reasonably anticipated carcinogens” in past editions, but this is the first time all these hormones have been listed as a group.
Also newly listed as “known” causes of cancer in humans are broad spectrum ultraviolet radiation, whether generated by the sun or by artificial sources; wood dust created in cutting and shaping wood; nickel compounds and beryllium and its compounds commonly used in industry. Beryllium and beryllium compounds are not new to the list but have had their rankings upgraded. Twelve other substances or groups of substances which had been candidates for listing are also included in the “reasonably anticipated” category [JEM, 2001, 3, 11N].
The RoC reports are prepared by the National Toxicology Program, an arm of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), following lengthy study and scientific review. They make a distinction between “known” human carcinogens, where there is sufficient evidence from human studies and “reasonably anticipated” human carcinogens, where there is either limited evidence of carcinogenicity from human studies and/or sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from experimental animal studies. The magnitude of the carcinogenic risk is not assessed, nor are any potential benefits of listed substances such as certain pharmaceuticals.
Work on the Eleventh Report is already well underway [JEM, 2002, 4, 43N & 104N].
NIEHS: “Tenth Report on Carcinogens”, available at http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.govEPA initiatives on asthma and aging
EPA, in association with the American Lung Association, has unveiled its Asthma Research Strategy, a new initiative designed to advance the scientific understanding and prevention of asthma, the most common chronic childhood illness. Part of the Agency's wider initiative on children's health [JEM, 2002, 4, 93N], the Asthma Research Strategy will guide EPA research efforts, led by the Office of Research and Development (ORD), to address the significant issues of exposures, effects, risk assessment, and risk management of environmental pollutants relevant to asthma.Approximately 3.8 million children in the US had an asthma attack in the past year. Asthma is more prevalent in low-income and minority communities, and the number of children with asthma is rising. It is a complex disease, which can be caused by a variety of factors, and has a definite genetic component. Most types of asthma are linked to allergic responses to common indoor and outdoor allergens, such as dust, animal hair, pollens and molds. Environmental contaminants such as smoke, air pollution, pollen and particulate matter influence its incidence and severity.
The Strategy will investigate pollutants that contribute to the induction and exacerbation of asthma, such as air toxics, by-products of combustion, aerosols, indoor allergens and environmental tobacco smoke. Susceptibility factors that contribute to asthma will also be studied, such as genetics, prior health problems, socio-economic status, residence and exposure history. Thirdly, further work is planned on risk assessment and risk management of environmental pollutants relevant to asthma.
After children, the elderly are the latest group to be studied in terms of environmental health threats. At a meeting with the heads of leading US aging organisations late last year, EPA Administrator Christie Whitman announced that the Agency is developing a new Aging Initiative that will result in a national agenda designed to examine and prioritise environmental health threats to older persons. As well as health issues, the Initiative will examine the impact that a rapidly growing aging population will have on ecosystems and will encourage older persons to get more involved in community environmental initiatives. This is the first time EPA has addressed environmental hazards affecting the elderly, and a wide range of professionals and researchers are expected to be involved. An initial workshop on the Differential Susceptibility and Exposure of Older Workers to Environmental Hazards was convened in December.
EPA: Asthma Research Strategy: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/asthma; Aging Initiative: http://www.epa.gov/ordNew PM10 findings
An EU legislative target to cut ambient concentrations of fine particulates would have significant benefits for human health. That is the clear conclusion from an EU-funded research project which researchers claim is the most thorough study yet into the health impacts of fine particulate pollution. Coordinated by the World Health Organisation and the EU's Joint Research Centre, the Apheis project is measuring pollution and its effects in 26 European cities with a total population of 32 million.In their first report, the Apheis researchers say that a cut in ambient concentrations of particles under ten microns (PM10) to the target level of 20 µg m−3 by 2010 would prevent almost 12,000 premature deaths per year in European cities. This equates to 43 per 100,000 of population. Current average PM10 concentrations in the cities concerned range from 14–73 µg m−3. The study also found that reducing concentrations by just 5 µg m−3 would cut early deaths by 19 per 100,000. The particulates target was set in a 1999 directive that also imposes an intermediate PM10 limit of 40 µg m−3 by 2005 [JEM, 1999, 1, 59N]. Meeting this earlier goal would prevent nine premature deaths per 100,000 population annually, researchers said.
These latest findings reinforce results on the economic and societal costs of air pollution published by the European Commission last autumn. Using 1998 pollution inventories and 2000 prices, the study by AEA Technology showed the average damage caused across the EU by one tonne of pollutant. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) causes €5,200 worth of damage, nitrogen oxides (NOx) cause €4,200, particulates (PM2.5) €14,000 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) €2,100. But these averages mask huge variations among Member States. The figures are being used to quantify the benefits generated by pollution limits in current and future EU directives, and could also be used to set national industrial emission charges.
Meanwhile, in Norway new data suggest that the number of people exposed to potentially hazardous levels of particulates in the country's main urban centres could be up to 250% higher than previously estimated. In addition to road traffic, wood fires contribute more to overall pollution than previously thought, according to researchers.
Apheis Project: http://www.apheis.net; European Commission: “Estimates of Marginal External Costs of Air Pollution in Europe”, at http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/enveco/studies2.htm; Norwegian Pollution Control Authority: http://www.sft.noResearch news
FP6 opens for business
The EU's latest four-year research programme is now officially open for business, following the publication of the first calls for proposals in late December.Running from 2003–2006, the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) covers research and development across a wide range of technological fields, and has a total budget of €17.5 billion, nearly one-fifth more than its predecessor. The European Commission sees it as a key tool for realising its blueprint for a “European Research Area”. This new approach to research policy aims to overcome the fragmentation in the European research base so that the EU is better able to compete with the US and Japan. By maximising the value of each euro invested in R&D, the Commission hopes to improve the EU's economic performance and social conditions. To help achieve this, the majority of FP6 funding will be directed to developing Europe-wide research initiatives and networks including, where appropriate, participants from the new accession states.
Much of the environment-related funding is concentrated within a sub-programme entitled Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems, with a total budget of €2.12 billion. Within this, €810m is allocated to sustainable energy systems, €610m to sustainable surface transport, and €700m to global change and ecosystems. The latter will address areas such as: greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric pollutants; the water cycle including soil-related aspects; marine and terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems; desertification and natural disasters; sustainable land management; and operational forecasting and modelling.
Certain aspects of environmental monitoring are also addressed under the actions on food quality and safety, nanotechnologies and nanosciences, information and communications technology, and life sciences, genomics and biotechnology. Issues such as standardisation and laboratory facilities for environmental analysis are addressed under a separate sub-programme on “research infrastructures”.
EU Community Research and Development Information Service: http://www.cordis.luFirst light for super-microscope
The world's highest resolution analytical microscope, capable of resolving single atoms and columns of atoms using scanning transmission electron microscopy, has opened at Daresbury, UK. The SuperStem project involves scientists from the Universities of Liverpool, Cambridge, Glasgow, and Leeds, and is housed in a new purpose-built low-vibration facility at the Daresbury Laboratory. A second instrument is due to be commissioned in 2004 as part of a £4.5 million investment.The state of the art microscopes will aid in the development of nanomaterials such as novel catalysts, electronic and optical devices (for example using quantum dots) and new magnetic recording media. These materials will have an impact on industries as diverse as pollution control and drug delivery.
SuperStem microscopes can analyse single atoms and columns of atoms using scanning transmission electron microscopy (Stem) and electron energy loss analysis (Eels). Advances in computing and instrument development have made possible the correction of spherical aberration in the objective lens of the microscope, a key technological breakthrough. The images and analytical results from the SuperStem apparatus will be viewed by scientists all over the world via the internet.
Daresbury Laboratory: http://www.clrc.ac.ukAward for e-science project
Researchers have demonstrated an innovative ability to analyse large-scale genomic data in real time using intercontinental distributed computing resources. Discovery Net, one of the UK's key e-Science projects, won the ‘Most Innovative Data Intensive Application’ award in the High Performance Computing Challenge at the 15th Annual Supercomputing Conference and Exhibition (SC2002) in the US.For the challenge, Discovery Net researchers demonstrated their ability to analyse large-scale genomic data in real time using intercontinental distributed computing resources. In the live demo conducted from Baltimore, they showed how data generated from high-throughput malarial DNA-sequencing systems operating in London could be combined, in real time, with reference genomic data on the internet, and submitted for integrated analysis on a Grid-based computing infrastructure. Grids are the next generation of computer networks, linking supercomputers, data storage and other resources across very high bandwidth networks [JEM, 2002, 4, 33N].
Dr John Hassard, CEO of DeltaDot one of the project partners, commented: “Discovery Net is the first Grid-based system for real time data analysis. We are using the same computing tools to process information from our pollution detection systems as well as our high-throughput sequencing. We believe that many–perhaps most–information-intensive problems in science could be solved using these technologies”.
Opportunities for HTT
Opportunities for high throughput technologies (HTT) in product and process development are targeted by a new UK initiative. With an initial £2.2m funding from the Department of Trade and Industry and the research councils, InsightFaraday aims to make HTT an integral part of new product and process development, leading to a reduction in time-to-market for UK industry. Initial focus areas include synthesis/discovery, process chemistry, formulation, informatics, modelling, and experimental design.LGC: http://www.lgc.co.ukGrants for arsenic technologies
EPA has awarded $800,000 to eight small businesses to develop cost-effective methods for removing arsenic from drinking water to meet the Agency's new arsenic standard of 10 parts per billion [JEM, 2001, 3, 20N]. The contracts will particularly benefit smaller systems serving less than 10,000 people that have limited funds for contaminant removal. More than 4,000 systems in the US need to install new technologies by January 2006 to comply with the standard.The contracts were awarded through EPA's Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program for commercial ventures that protect the environment, increase productivity and economic growth and improve the international competitiveness of the US technology industry.
EPA, SBIR awards: http://es.epa.gov/ncer/sbir/awards/2003_water.html.HEI invites new research
The Health Effects Institute is inviting applications under its Winter 2003 Research Agenda. The programme covers three specific areas: Assessing Exposure to Air Toxics, addressing the need for a better understanding of both exposure to and health effects of mixtures of air toxics; the Walter A. Rosenblith Award to bring new, creative investigators into active research on the health effects of air pollution; and Measuring the Health Impacts of Actions That Affect Air Quality, to strengthen the scientific basis for evaluating whether air quality regulations or other actions have resulted in improved public health. A fourth category is open to other research requests relevant to HEI's current priorities.Applications close at various dates through 2003.
Health Effects Institute: http://www.healtheffects.org/RFA/Awards and appointments round-up
The start of the year sees the usual crop of awards and new appointments. Among the recent announcements are the following:Dr. Anne Fairbrother, a research scientist in EPA's Office of Research and Development, has been named President of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) North America for the 2002–2003 term. Dr. Fairbrother has published more than 120 peer-reviewed articles and has received top EPA honours, including the Bronze Medal for Significant Research, an Innovative Research Program award and a Technical Achievement Award. Her current research addresses the potential risk of environmental contaminants on complex ecosystems.
Dr Kenneth Olden, Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), has received the Homer Calver Award from the American Public Health Association (APHA), and the Cincinnati Children's Environmental Health Award. Both awards recognise his significant contribution to environmental and public health issues in the United States since his appointment as NIEHS Director in 1991.
Dr. James Huff, an NIEHS researcher, has received the APHA's third annual David P. Rall Award for Advocacy in Public Health. The award was established in memory of Dr. Rall, a former director of the institute and founder of the National Toxicology Program. Dr Huff was recognised for his contribution in helping to launch federal programs that categorize the potential hazards of chemicals for scientists and laymen.
NIEHS: http://www.niehs.nih.govPublications
Standard methods 20th edition
EPA has approved the 20th Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. This publication has long been the benchmark for water and wastewater analysis offering scientists, analysts, and engineers a valid and recognized basis for control and evaluation while ultimately assisting with regulatory compliance. The Final Rule to update methods approval for Standard Methods was published in the Federal Register on 23rd October 2002.Water Environment Federation: “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition”, available for purchase at http://www.wef.orgToxic effects of chemicals on aquatic organisms
A new database contains scientific papers published both nationally and internationally on the toxic effects of chemicals to aquatic organisms and plants. Ecotoxicology data is becoming increasingly important to those trying to improve and enhance the process by which ecological and human health hazard assessments are performed.Launched by FIZ Karlsruhe, a partner of STN International, the Aquire database covers toxic effect data, including lethal, sub-lethal, and residue effects, on all aquatic species including plants and animals and freshwater and saltwater species. Over 4000 species and 7000 chemicals are covered, with priority being given to data published in the peer-reviewed literature.
FIZ-Karlsruhe: http://www.fiz-karlsruhe.deResults of PAH consultation
As part of a health assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), EPA sponsored a two-day peer consultation workshop on 24–25th October 2001 to examine alternative approaches to the health assessment of PAH mixtures. The objectives of the workshop were to generate individual scientific opinions on (1) the extent to which existing approaches to PAH health assessment were supported by the current scientific literature; and (2) how well each approach addressed the range of exposure situations and monitoring data encompassed by EPA program offices. The workshop focused on the extensive carcinogenicity literature for PAHs. A summary report of the proceedings of the workshop has now been published.National Center for Environmental Assessment: “Peer Consultation Workshop On Approaches To Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Health Assessment”, EPA/635/R-02/005, 2002. Available at http://www.epa.gov/nceaHealth assessment of 1,3-butadiene
This assessment was conducted to review the new information that has become available since EPA's 1985 health assessment of 1,3-butadiene. The assessment concludes that 1,3-butadiene is carcinogenic to humans by inhalation, based on the total weight of evidence. The specific mechanisms of 1,3-butadiene-induced carcinogenesis are unknown; however, it is virtually certain that the carcinogenic effects are mediated by genotoxic metabolites of 1,3-butadiene.Animal data suggest that females may be more sensitive than males for cancer effects; nevertheless, there are insufficient data from which to draw any conclusions on potentially sensitive subpopulations. The assessment reports a human incremental lifetime unit cancer (incidence) risk estimate and notes a variety of reproductive and developmental effects in mice.
National Center for Environmental Assessment: “Health Assessment Of 1,3-Butadiene”, EPA/600/P-98/001F, 2002. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/nceaGuidance on ecological risk assessment
A critical early step in conducting an ecological risk assessment is to select assessment endpoints. This selection is often challenging because of the diversity of species, ecological communities, and ecological functions from which those involved in risk assessment can choose and because of statutory ambiguity regarding what is to be protected.EPA is developing further guidance for risk assessors by providing a set of generic ecological assessment endpoints that can be considered and adapted for use in specific ecological risk assessments. The approach builds on existing EPA guidance and experience such as the 1998 Ecological Risk Assessment Guidelines. The document is not prescriptive, but rather is intended to be a useful starting point that is flexible enough to be applied to many different types of ecological risk assessments. This document has been released as an external review draft, for public comment and peer review.
EPA, Risk Assessment Forum: “Generic Assessment Endpoints For Ecological Risk Assessments (External Review Draft)”, EPA/630/P-02/004A, Oct 2002. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/nceaMarine indicators; eutrophication
The development of coastal indicators over the period 1998–2001 is described in a report by the EEA, the first of three volumes. It explains the process and results of a study of potential state and pressure indicators for eutrophication. The report also describes the development of, and information gathering for, a response indicator measuring progress in integrated coastal zone management at subnational (regional) level. The report's primary aim is to test indicators for EEA reporting and not to undertake assessments.A second EEA report examines whether estimates of the plant pigment chlorophyll-a from satellite data can support the evaluation of eutrophication in European marine and coastal waters. Satellite images are a good indicator of the occurrence of algal blooms in relation to eutrophication but overestimate true chlorophyll-a concentrations in open sea areas by 60-70% and even more in coastal waters. The report recommends using chlorophyll-a images from March to April/May as an indicator of eutrophication in the North Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat since they reflect the magnitude of the spring bloom in these areas.
European Environment Agency: “Remote sensing's contribution to evaluating eutrophication in marine and coastal waters”, Technical report No 79; and “Testing of indicators for the marine and coastal environment in Europe”, Technical report No 84. Both available at: http://reports.eea.eu.intEU emissions inventory
Data on emissions of air pollutants in the European Community from 1990-2000 are presented in this report. The emissions data cover acidifying pollutants, ozone precursor substances and other air pollutants: SOx (sulfur oxides), NOx (nitrogen oxides), NH3 (ammonia), NMVOCs (non-methane volatile organic compounds), CO (carbon monoxide), heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. The report serves as the EU's annual submission to the UN/ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP).European Environment Agency: “Annual European Community CLRTAP emission inventory 1990-2000, Technical Report No 91, available at http://reports.eea.eu.intTools for environmental information
The elements of a new data collection network called Reportnet are described in this report, which reflects a shared concern among the major stakeholders that European environmental reporting needs to be revised. The elements described consist of developing an environmental information infrastructure and a set of new services based on it, aimed at streamlining reporting as well as making it less burdensome.European Environment Agency: “Development of common tools and an information infrastructure for the shared European environment information system”, Technical Report No 83, available at http://reports.eea.eu.intLegislation
Stalemate on EU chemicals review
The European Commission's controversial proposals for an overhaul of the EU's chemicals policy has met a logjam, at the centre of which is a dispute between two of the Commission's own directorates.The extent of the disagreements was revealed in an internal memo leaked to the press late last year. The paper set out competing positions from the Enterprise and Environment directorates for the design of the new system, known as Reach. The Commission was due to publish formal proposals in December but let the deadline slip. However, a new draft is expected shortly, followed by a consultation period before the Commission tables a final legislative text.
The dispute centres on the authorisation procedure for the most dangerous chemicals. The Enterprise Directorate, under pressure from industry, has been lobbying for authorisation to apply only for chemicals classed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), or as carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMRs). The Environment Directorate wants to add persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals (PBTs and vPvBs). The latter position is endorsed by most national governments and MEPs; needless to say, some want to go further still.
Under the current proposals, a wide range of chemicals already subject to sector-specific controls would be exempt from authorisation [JEM, 2001, 3, 85N; 2002, 4, 67N]. These include pesticides, biocides, cosmetics, radioactive substances and some substances mixed with waste. Substances being used under “well-controlled industrial conditions” would also escape. Three other criteria for granting or rejecting authorisation are also being proposed: risk posed by the substance; its socio-economic benefit; and the availability of safer alternatives. NGOs have been particularly critical of these criteria, which they say strike at the heart of the whole reforms by lessening the onus on industry to innovate.
Ministers from the EU Member States reiterated their support for the reforms at their meeting in December. The UK urged for the planned authorisation procedure to be extended to cover endocrine-disrupting chemicals and respiratory sensitisers, and published a position paper outlining its approach. As usual, the proposals failed to please either side in the debate. NGOs said the proposals ignored the precautionary principle and failed to commit to phasing out chemicals, while the CIA, representing industry, said the UK scheme was “still too burdensome”. Germany, the EU's largest chemicals producer, and Denmark, its most progressive environmental member, have also been active in keeping the pressure on the Commission over the chemicals plan.
Meanwhile the US government has also weighed into the debate, issuing a report that was highly critical of the Reach reforms. The proposals would distort trade and competition, the paper says, and make life very difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises. The international aspects cause particular concern and could breach WTO rules. But this stance was rebuffed by US environmental groups, who claimed that it simply echoed the criticisms of the US chemical industry, which has long voiced concerns over the direction of European chemicals policy. Rather than hamper innovation, Reach could in fact create new opportunities for US (and European) suppliers, they say.
European Commission: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/index_en.htm; Council for European Chemical Industries (CEFIC): http://www.cefic.be; UK Department for Environment, Position Paper: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/chemicals/pdf/necs-ukposition.pdf; Chemical Industries Association: http://www.cia.org.uk; Greenpeace: http://www.greenpeace.org.ukGo ahead for greenhouse gas scheme
EU Member States have agreed the ground rules for a Europe-wide emission trading scheme for carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The agreement, which was based on compromise proposals drafted under the Danish Presidency, has been widely welcomed as a major step forward for European environmental policy. It includes an option of trading pools within industry sectors, a limited opt-out clause during the first three years, and the possibility for Member States to auction up to 10% of emission allowances from 2008.The most contentious area has been whether participation in the scheme should be mandatory from the outset [JEM, 2002, 4, 100N]. Under the agreement, the first three years will constitute a period of “learning-by-doing”, during which Member States will be able to exempt individual installations or industry sectors from the cap-and-trade rules. However, exempted installations must commit to equivalent emissions cuts and will be subject to the same reporting and verification requirements, carrying equivalent penalties for non-compliance, as plants within the trading scheme. The Commission retains the right to veto opt-outs, and in any case no opt-outs will be allowed from 2008. Member States can also allow installations within an industrial sector to form voluntary trading pools for the whole duration of the scheme.
The Commission also retains the right of veto over national emission allowance allocation plans; it will develop allocation criteria to guide Member States by December 2003. From 2008 Member States may apply to include non-CO2 greenhouse gases in national trading. Again the Commission has right of veto over any extension and will grant approval based on impact on the environmental integrity of the scheme, monitoring reliability and EU competition and internal market rules.
The fine for exceeding emission caps during the first three years has been reduced from €50 to €40 per tonne of CO2, increasing to €100 from 2008. Firms will in any case have to make the cuts in the following year. In the first phase all emission allowances must be free of charge; in the second governments will be allowed to auction up to 10% of their allowances.
The agreement came as new projections showed that further action would be needed to curb greenhouse gas emissions for the EU to reach its obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. According to the European Environment Agency, the latest projections provided by Member States show that existing policies and measures – those already being implemented at domestic or European level - will yield a total EU emissions cut of 4.7% by 2010 [JEM, 2002, 4, 7N]. This is 3.3 percentage points short of the Kyoto requirement. But the use of emissions trading, together with additional measures under discussion could, if fully implemented, still ensure that the EU meets its target.
EU Council of Ministers: http://www.consilium.eu.int; Danish EU Presidency: http://www.eu2002.dk; European Environment Agency: “Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe”, Environmental Issue Report No 33, available at http://reports.eea.eu.intMinisters agree GMO deal
EU environment ministers have finally reached agreement on legislation on the tracking and labelling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products made from them. The deal, which was brokered by the Danish Presidency at an EU meeting in December, bridges deep divisions over the handling of bulk GMO shipments [JEM, 2002, 4, 67N].The main sticking point had been over mixed bulk shipments of GMOs intended for use in food, feed or processing. Here it was agreed that labels should show that GMOs “have been used” to create the mixture. The European Commission, together with Britain and the Netherlands, had opposed this formulation, but eventually accepted subject to a review of the scheme after two years. They were concerned that such designations would be contrary to the UN Cartagena Protocol on biosafety [JEM, 2000, 2, 27N] and could escalate trade tensions with the US, which opposes any special labelling. France and some other countries had wanted even stricter labelling rules but settled for the compromise offer.
The agreement introduces a traceability system in which all movements of GMOs are to be labelled with codes identifying the modification event. Labelling provisions for food and feed products, with tolerance thresholds for accidental GM content in non-GM products, were agreed separately by agriculture ministers. Once finalised, the legislation should lead to an end to the EU's moratorium on new GMO approvals [JEM, 2002, 4, 11N & 24N]. However, some countries are continuing to push for further safeguards, such as the inclusion of GMOs in draft EU environmental liability rules, before they will consider lifting the GMOs ban.
European Commission: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/index_en.htm; Danish Presidency: http://www.eu2002.dkEnvironmental quality
US-Canada air pollution on track
The United States and Canada are on target to meet their commitments on air quality according to the latest report on transboundary air pollution, but further work is needed. That is the message of the sixth biennial Progress Report on acid rain, ozone and other transboundary air quality cooperation as part of the 1991 United States-Canada Air Quality Agreement.The report outlines new requirements for the Ozone Annex to the Agreement signed in December 2000 [JEM, 2000, 2, 93N]. It is the first to provide ambient air quality data for ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons for all sites within 500 kilometres of the US-Canada border. Other items include: details of joint efforts on analysis of transboundary particulate matter (PM); and the second five-year comprehensive review of the Air Quality Agreement which assesses the Agreement's effectiveness.
Sulfur dioxide emissions from all affected utility units in 2001 achieved about a 32% reduction from 1990 emissions levels and a 5% reduction from 2000 levels. Nitrogen oxide emissions from all utilities in 2001 also continued a downward trend achieving a 30% decline from 1990 emissions levels and an 8% reduction from 2000 emissions. The report also cites analysis of a national long-term wet deposition network (called the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN)), which shows continued dramatic reductions in sulfate deposition, up to 30% over the past decade.
A further report confirms major reductions in SO2 and NOx in the US nationwide under the Acid Rain Program [JEM, 2002, 4, 40N]. Created as part of the 1990 Clean Air Act, the Program is based on an innovative market-based cap and trade approach. As part of its Clear Skies Act, the Bush Administration is proposing an extension of this model with the aim of cutting SO2, NOx and mercury emissions by 70% beyond their 2000 levels [JEM, 2002, 4, 19N & 67N].
EPA: “United States-Canada Air Quality Agreement 2002 Progress Report”, http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/usca/2002report.html; and “Acid Rain Program 2001 Progress Report”, http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmprpt/arp01/index.html.US-Mexico air quality strategy
The US and Mexican governments have unveiled a new Air Quality Strategy to address transboundary air pollution along their border. The Strategy identifies a series of actions to help improve border air quality, focusing on the exchange of information and encouraging coordinated planning, management and innovation. It is one element of the Border 2012 Programme for environmental protection launched by the two governments late last year [JEM, 2002, 4, 101N].As a first step, US government agencies, led by the EPA, will work with their Mexican counterparts to identify appropriate pilot projects in consultation with relevant stakeholders such as states, local governments, the business community and the private sector. A report on potential projects will be made by 1st April 2003. These projects will serve as a foundation for developing new strategies to improve air quality along the border.
EPA is also setting up a US-Mexican Border Compliance Assistance Center to help individuals involved in importing hazardous waste into the United States from Mexico. Scheduled for launch in Spring 2003, the Center will provide comprehensive, easy-to-understand compliance information, and complement 10 similar centres across the US.
EPA, US-Mexico Border Initiative: http://www.epa.gov/usmexicoborder/index.htmGood progress on Baltic clean-up
A twenty-year programme aimed at cleaning up the Baltic Sea has reached its half-way point and is making good progress, according to Helcom, the international body charged with its implementation.Launched in 1992, Helcom's Action Programme has identified 132 regional pollution hot spots, which are being tackled through a €18 billion investment fund. Of these 51 have now been fully treated and removed from the list. Remedial actions in the remaining 81 hot spots are continuing, involving either capital investment or in some cases factory closures.
Helcom has also completed a three-year project to identify the most cost-effective ways of eliminating certain hazardous substances in the region by 2020. Ministers pledged to phase-out over 70 such substances in a 1998 environmental declaration. The study provides information on production and use, sources of emissions and discharges and possible pathways to the marine environment, together with details of how to eliminate their release. Advice on how to substitute hazardous substances with non-hazardous ones is also documented. The report confirms that 26 pesticides selected for priority action are no longer in use in the Helcom states.
The key challenge now, according to Helcom spokesman Göte Svensson, is to adjust to the changing political context. With the exception of Russia, all of the states bordering the Baltic are either EU members or are due to join the EU within two years. This will inevitably mean a larger role for the EU in the region's environmental affairs, and Helcom must adapt to these new conditions.
Helsinki Commission: http://www.helcom.fiChemical hazards
EU searches for pesticides consensus
Wide differences are emerging on the future direction of pesticide strategy in Europe. Echoing the bitter row over reform of chemicals regulation (see separate item this issue), EU institutions, governments and stakeholders are split on a draft “thematic strategy” which will dictate pesticide policy across the EU.The long-awaited proposals were unveiled by the European Commission last summer [JEM, 2002, 4, 57N & 70N]. Among the measures up for discussion were the introduction of pesticide-free zones, a ban on aerial crop spraying and greater use of the substitution principle in the approval of active ingredients. Contrary to speculation, the proposals contained no overall EU target to reduce pesticide use and no immediate plans for an EU pesticides tax.
As the initial consultation period ended, opinion on the measures remained deeply divided. The extent to which the strategy should aim at pesticide use reduction, set specific targets or timetables and the appropriate level of harmonisation across Europe are all major sticking points. Countries with strict pesticide-control measures already in place, such as the Nordic countries and the Netherlands, want to see similar restrictions being imposed in other Member States. And at national level, there are conflicts between the interests of large, intensive farming operations and those of small farmers, and between pesticide manufacturers and other stakeholders.
In a recent report on the issue, Kathleen Van Brempt, the Belgian MEP coordinating the European Parliament's response, called for the EU to set clear goals for pesticide use reduction. Attacking the “lack of ambition” in the Commission strategy, Ms Van Brempt claimed there was a clear need for “urgent and mandatory action” and supported calls by environmental groups for the EU to aim for a 50% cut in pesticide use. The strategy should also be extended to cover biocides and require national pesticide use and risk reduction programmes, the MEP argues. Other measures being suggested include the introduction of financial instruments, such as pesticide taxes; mandatory targets for integrated crop management; financial support for organic farming; and new limits on pesticide residues in food.
NGOs, such as the Pesticide Action Network, support targeted funding to promote integrated crop management and organic farming, a revision of existing EU legislation to immediately ban some pesticides, and mandatory usage reduction plans for all Member States. But the European Crop Protection Association has rejected an approach based on mandatory quantitative reductions of pesticide use, supporting instead a reduction of risk achieved through better technology and improved user education. It called for efforts to focus on promoting best practice by training farmers to use “as little product as possible, but as much as necessary”.
European Commission, Pesticides Policy: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ppps/home.htm; European Parliament, Van Brempt Report: http://www.europarl.eu.int/committees/envi_home.htm; PAN Europe: http://www.pan-europe.net; ECPA: http://www.ecpa.beScientists question BDE assessments
EU experts have added to the row over the controversial flame retardant deca-BDE by questioning key conclusions from a recent risk assessment. The assessment completed late last year found no risks to health or environment but said more tests were needed to determine, among other things, whether the substance could break down in the environment into more toxic products [JEM, 2002, 4, 104N]. A number of further studies have since been commissioned to clear up remaining points.But in a review of the latest version of the risk assessment, the EU's Scientific Committee on Toxicology, Ecotoxicology and the Environment (CSTEE) says the level of uncertainty surrounding the chemical's environmental impact already warrants risk reduction. And it says the conclusion that no extra controls are needed to reduce human exposure is also unjustified, for the same reason.
To support its case, CSTEE cites the risk of human and environmental exposure to brominated dioxins and furans created by incinerating deca-containing plastics in end-of-life appliances. It notes that the presence of bromine may even decrease the apparent level of chlorine-derived dioxins and furans, suggesting that emission limits are being met while the real level of harmful dioxins and furans is higher and unnoticed. The official risk assessment acknowledges the potential problem, but the committee says its conclusion that no extra measures are needed to reduce worker exposure is flawed. It calculates that intake could be 50 times recommended levels.
The Committee raises similar concerns over a second brominated flame retardant, octa-BDE, which is also the subject of detailed risk assessment.
Scientific Committee on Toxicology, Ecotoxicology and the Environment (CSTEE): Opinions on deca-BDE and octa-BDE, http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/sct/index_en.htmlCreosote ban gets the all clear
The European Commission has cleared regulations governing the marketing and use of the wood preservative creosote in the Netherlands, and has indicated that some elements of the Dutch scheme are likely to be adopted at EU level.Under an EU Directive of 2001, the sale to the public of creosote and creosote-treated timber is already scheduled to be banned from this July, mainly because it contains benzo-a-pyrene (BaP), classified as a carcinogen. Industrial uses of creosote will still be permitted but only with strict limits on BaP concentration. The Dutch regime goes further, primarily to prevent the industrial use of creosote-treated wood where it might come into contact with water, a view that was backed by the EU's own scientific experts [JEM, 1999, 1, 43N; 2001, 3, 59N].
The Commission has accepted that the directive is based on human health rather than environmental concerns, and may need to be amended “on the basis of all scientific evidence”.
European Commission: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/index_en.htmPhthalates latest
The EU's debate over phthalates rumbles on, with both Sweden and Denmark moving to tighten the noose on the substances, which are used as softeners and plasticisers in PVC products.In Sweden, chemical agency Kemi has angered industry by releasing a proposed list of restrictions on DEHP, one of the key phthalates, before a risk assessment of the chemical had definitively closed. Its draft EU risk reduction strategy suggests banning the substance in children's toys, certain medical devices and food contact packaging for fatty foods. In the longer-term, Kemi suggests restrictions on DEHP in all medical devices and even in some high production volume products such as roofing, cables, hoses, car undercoating and shoe soles. Recent risk assessments have concluded that the risk from DEHP have been underestimated [JEM, 2002, 4, 43N].
Industry association ECPI claimed the document was misleading because it does not take into account new toxicological study results. Of most concern was the suggestion to restrict DEHP in medical devices used to care for newly born babies and other sensitive patient groups. ECPI says this recommendation ignores a recent opinion from the EU's scientific committee on medical devices, which concluded there was no need to limit the use of DEHP in any particular patient group.
Meanwhile, the Danish government has given retailers and toy importers one year to suggest how phthalate plasticisers could be removed from toys for children aged three-to-six. Current restrictions focus on toys and childcare items intended to be sucked or mouthed by under-threes; the Danish move is the first initiative targeting items for an older age group. Industry representatives agreed to come forward with such a plan during the course of this year. Studies have shown phthalates are still in widespread use in Scandinavia despite national and EU bans [JEM, 2002, 4, 58N].
The EU's original “emergency ban” on the use of six phthalate softeners in PVC toys designed to be used by under-threes continues to be renewed on a three-month basis [JEM, 2000, 2, 8N]. The latest extension, the 20th since the ban was introduced in 1999, covers the period to February 2003. Member states have still to reach agreement on whether to make the ban permanent or instead to introduce limits on phthalate migration into children's saliva [JEM, 2002, 4, 10N].
Kemi: http://www.kemi.se; European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates: http://www.ecpi.org; Healthcare Without Harm: http://www.noharm.org; Danish Environment Ministry: http://www.mim.dkIndustry reviews endocrine testing
The chemical industry's experiences in testing for environmental and health impacts of potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) were examined at a recent conference organised by European chemicals association CEFIC.Addressing the conference, Professor Peter Calow of Sheffield University, UK and a member of the EU's Scientific Toxicology Committee, said that much of industry's testing on EDCs appeared to lack relevance to the substances' real-life effects. “It's a big disappointment that there isn't really a major, if any, step towards wildlife studies to establish ecological consequences,” said Professor Calow. He noted that the programme was very good at researching the effects of EDCs on individuals, “but not all of these effects are relevant at the population level”.
The conference was the fourth annual meeting of CEFIC's Long-Range Research Initiative (LRI), a voluntary programme launched in 1999 and building on existing research funding. The LRI is funding €23m worth of projects from 2002 until 2005, with testing of EDCs a main theme. The initiative mirrors an EU strategy on these chemicals being coordinated by the European Commission. Most recently this resulted in a priority list of 12 EDCs targeted for further research.
Responding to Professor Calow's remarks, Gernot Klotz, Head of the LRI's EDC programme, said that European industry wanted to fund more work on the effects of EDCs on populations and ecosystems. But he said this needed the involvement of more stakeholders, and assurances that the results would be recognised by EU policymakers. The European Commission's own recently announced EDC research programme foresees no similar studies, he pointed out [JEM, 2002, 4, 57N].
CEFIC: http://www.cefic.orgDanish PCBs persist
Despite a 25-year ban, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continue to be widespread in the Danish environment, according to a new study by the National Environmental Research Institute (DMU).DMU scientists analysed samples of sewage sludge, soil and sediment from Roskilde, eastern Denmark for a total of 43 substances, including PCBs. The study found that “PCBs were the most abundant organohalogen in the environment”, even though they had been banned since 1977.
One aim of the study was to demonstrate that “it is possible to map the…distribution of the most persistent compounds, revealing important clues regarding the occurrence, sources, transport, fate and history of xenobiotics”. A DMU spokesman described the results as “disquieting”.
Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser: http://www.dmu.dkOECD rejects PFOS controls
OECD countries have decided against the immediate introduction of common controls on the persistent chemical perfluorooctylsulphonate (PFOS) and its salts after endorsing a hazard assessment on the group. Governments are to undertake their own exposure and risk assessments instead.PFOS hit the headlines three years ago when US manufacturer 3M announced a voluntary withdrawal of the chemical, citing its tendency to persist and bioaccumulate in the environment [JEM, 2000, 2, 61N]. At the request of the USA, which was urging regulation, the OECD subsequently launched a hazard assessment of PFOS aimed at determining what, if any, risk management actions would be appropriate. The work was completed last summer and endorsed by a recent meeting of the OECD's Chemicals Committee.
OECD members agreed to contact manufacturers in their countries to ascertain the future prospects for PFOS production, including whether a phase out is likely. They also agreed to report each year on new information related to the chemical's production, use and exposure routes.
OECD: http://www.oecd.orgPublic and occupational health
Cancer report lists estrogens, UV and wood dust
Steroidal estrogens used in estrogen replacement therapy and oral contraceptives are among 16 new substances listed as being “known” human carcinogens. The listings are presented in the US government's Tenth Report on Carcinogens (RoC), a biennial report intended to keep the public informed about cancer risks. This latest edition brings the total of substances listed under the RoC process to 228.The Tenth RoC newly lists the group of hormones known as steroidal estrogens in the “known human carcinogens” category. A number of the individual steroidal estrogens were already listed as “reasonably anticipated carcinogens” in past editions, but this is the first time all these hormones have been listed as a group.
Also newly listed as “known” causes of cancer in humans are broad spectrum ultraviolet radiation, whether generated by the sun or by artificial sources; wood dust created in cutting and shaping wood; nickel compounds and beryllium and its compounds commonly used in industry. Beryllium and beryllium compounds are not new to the list but have had their rankings upgraded. Twelve other substances or groups of substances which had been candidates for listing are also included in the “reasonably anticipated” category [JEM, 2001, 3, 11N].
The RoC reports are prepared by the National Toxicology Program, an arm of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), following lengthy study and scientific review. They make a distinction between “known” human carcinogens, where there is sufficient evidence from human studies and “reasonably anticipated” human carcinogens, where there is either limited evidence of carcinogenicity from human studies and/or sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from experimental animal studies. The magnitude of the carcinogenic risk is not assessed, nor are any potential benefits of listed substances such as certain pharmaceuticals.
Work on the Eleventh Report is already well underway [JEM, 2002, 4, 43N & 104N].
NIEHS: “Tenth Report on Carcinogens”, available at http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.govEPA initiatives on asthma and aging
EPA, in association with the American Lung Association, has unveiled its Asthma Research Strategy, a new initiative designed to advance the scientific understanding and prevention of asthma, the most common chronic childhood illness. Part of the Agency's wider initiative on children's health [JEM, 2002, 4, 93N], the Asthma Research Strategy will guide EPA research efforts, led by the Office of Research and Development (ORD), to address the significant issues of exposures, effects, risk assessment, and risk management of environmental pollutants relevant to asthma.Approximately 3.8 million children in the US had an asthma attack in the past year. Asthma is more prevalent in low-income and minority communities, and the number of children with asthma is rising. It is a complex disease, which can be caused by a variety of factors, and has a definite genetic component. Most types of asthma are linked to allergic responses to common indoor and outdoor allergens, such as dust, animal hair, pollens and molds. Environmental contaminants such as smoke, air pollution, pollen and particulate matter influence its incidence and severity.
The Strategy will investigate pollutants that contribute to the induction and exacerbation of asthma, such as air toxics, by-products of combustion, aerosols, indoor allergens and environmental tobacco smoke. Susceptibility factors that contribute to asthma will also be studied, such as genetics, prior health problems, socio-economic status, residence and exposure history. Thirdly, further work is planned on risk assessment and risk management of environmental pollutants relevant to asthma.
After children, the elderly are the latest group to be studied in terms of environmental health threats. At a meeting with the heads of leading US aging organisations late last year, EPA Administrator Christie Whitman announced that the Agency is developing a new Aging Initiative that will result in a national agenda designed to examine and prioritise environmental health threats to older persons. As well as health issues, the Initiative will examine the impact that a rapidly growing aging population will have on ecosystems and will encourage older persons to get more involved in community environmental initiatives. This is the first time EPA has addressed environmental hazards affecting the elderly, and a wide range of professionals and researchers are expected to be involved. An initial workshop on the Differential Susceptibility and Exposure of Older Workers to Environmental Hazards was convened in December.
EPA: Asthma Research Strategy: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/asthma; Aging Initiative: http://www.epa.gov/ordNew PM10 findings
An EU legislative target to cut ambient concentrations of fine particulates would have significant benefits for human health. That is the clear conclusion from an EU-funded research project which researchers claim is the most thorough study yet into the health impacts of fine particulate pollution. Coordinated by the World Health Organisation and the EU's Joint Research Centre, the Apheis project is measuring pollution and its effects in 26 European cities with a total population of 32 million.In their first report, the Apheis researchers say that a cut in ambient concentrations of particles under ten microns (PM10) to the target level of 20 µg m−3 by 2010 would prevent almost 12,000 premature deaths per year in European cities. This equates to 43 per 100,000 of population. Current average PM10 concentrations in the cities concerned range from 14–73 µg m−3. The study also found that reducing concentrations by just 5 µg m−3 would cut early deaths by 19 per 100,000. The particulates target was set in a 1999 directive that also imposes an intermediate PM10 limit of 40 µg m−3 by 2005 [JEM, 1999, 1, 59N]. Meeting this earlier goal would prevent nine premature deaths per 100,000 population annually, researchers said.
These latest findings reinforce results on the economic and societal costs of air pollution published by the European Commission last autumn. Using 1998 pollution inventories and 2000 prices, the study by AEA Technology showed the average damage caused across the EU by one tonne of pollutant. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) causes €5,200 worth of damage, nitrogen oxides (NOx) cause €4,200, particulates (PM2.5) €14,000 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) €2,100. But these averages mask huge variations among Member States. The figures are being used to quantify the benefits generated by pollution limits in current and future EU directives, and could also be used to set national industrial emission charges.
Meanwhile, in Norway new data suggest that the number of people exposed to potentially hazardous levels of particulates in the country's main urban centres could be up to 250% higher than previously estimated. In addition to road traffic, wood fires contribute more to overall pollution than previously thought, according to researchers.
Apheis Project: http://www.apheis.net; European Commission: “Estimates of Marginal External Costs of Air Pollution in Europe”, at http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/enveco/studies2.htm; Norwegian Pollution Control Authority: http://www.sft.noResearch news
FP6 opens for business
The EU's latest four-year research programme is now officially open for business, following the publication of the first calls for proposals in late December.Running from 2003–2006, the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) covers research and development across a wide range of technological fields, and has a total budget of €17.5 billion, nearly one-fifth more than its predecessor. The European Commission sees it as a key tool for realising its blueprint for a “European Research Area”. This new approach to research policy aims to overcome the fragmentation in the European research base so that the EU is better able to compete with the US and Japan. By maximising the value of each euro invested in R&D, the Commission hopes to improve the EU's economic performance and social conditions. To help achieve this, the majority of FP6 funding will be directed to developing Europe-wide research initiatives and networks including, where appropriate, participants from the new accession states.
Much of the environment-related funding is concentrated within a sub-programme entitled Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems, with a total budget of €2.12 billion. Within this, €810m is allocated to sustainable energy systems, €610m to sustainable surface transport, and €700m to global change and ecosystems. The latter will address areas such as: greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric pollutants; the water cycle including soil-related aspects; marine and terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems; desertification and natural disasters; sustainable land management; and operational forecasting and modelling.
Certain aspects of environmental monitoring are also addressed under the actions on food quality and safety, nanotechnologies and nanosciences, information and communications technology, and life sciences, genomics and biotechnology. Issues such as standardisation and laboratory facilities for environmental analysis are addressed under a separate sub-programme on “research infrastructures”.
EU Community Research and Development Information Service: http://www.cordis.luFirst light for super-microscope
The world's highest resolution analytical microscope, capable of resolving single atoms and columns of atoms using scanning transmission electron microscopy, has opened at Daresbury, UK. The SuperStem project involves scientists from the Universities of Liverpool, Cambridge, Glasgow, and Leeds, and is housed in a new purpose-built low-vibration facility at the Daresbury Laboratory. A second instrument is due to be commissioned in 2004 as part of a £4.5 million investment.The state of the art microscopes will aid in the development of nanomaterials such as novel catalysts, electronic and optical devices (for example using quantum dots) and new magnetic recording media. These materials will have an impact on industries as diverse as pollution control and drug delivery.
SuperStem microscopes can analyse single atoms and columns of atoms using scanning transmission electron microscopy (Stem) and electron energy loss analysis (Eels). Advances in computing and instrument development have made possible the correction of spherical aberration in the objective lens of the microscope, a key technological breakthrough. The images and analytical results from the SuperStem apparatus will be viewed by scientists all over the world via the internet.
Daresbury Laboratory: http://www.clrc.ac.ukAward for e-science project
Researchers have demonstrated an innovative ability to analyse large-scale genomic data in real time using intercontinental distributed computing resources. Discovery Net, one of the UK's key e-Science projects, won the ‘Most Innovative Data Intensive Application’ award in the High Performance Computing Challenge at the 15th Annual Supercomputing Conference and Exhibition (SC2002) in the US.For the challenge, Discovery Net researchers demonstrated their ability to analyse large-scale genomic data in real time using intercontinental distributed computing resources. In the live demo conducted from Baltimore, they showed how data generated from high-throughput malarial DNA-sequencing systems operating in London could be combined, in real time, with reference genomic data on the internet, and submitted for integrated analysis on a Grid-based computing infrastructure. Grids are the next generation of computer networks, linking supercomputers, data storage and other resources across very high bandwidth networks [JEM, 2002, 4, 33N].
Dr John Hassard, CEO of DeltaDot one of the project partners, commented: “Discovery Net is the first Grid-based system for real time data analysis. We are using the same computing tools to process information from our pollution detection systems as well as our high-throughput sequencing. We believe that many–perhaps most–information-intensive problems in science could be solved using these technologies”.
Opportunities for HTT
Opportunities for high throughput technologies (HTT) in product and process development are targeted by a new UK initiative. With an initial £2.2m funding from the Department of Trade and Industry and the research councils, InsightFaraday aims to make HTT an integral part of new product and process development, leading to a reduction in time-to-market for UK industry. Initial focus areas include synthesis/discovery, process chemistry, formulation, informatics, modelling, and experimental design.LGC: http://www.lgc.co.ukGrants for arsenic technologies
EPA has awarded $800,000 to eight small businesses to develop cost-effective methods for removing arsenic from drinking water to meet the Agency's new arsenic standard of 10 parts per billion [JEM, 2001, 3, 20N]. The contracts will particularly benefit smaller systems serving less than 10,000 people that have limited funds for contaminant removal. More than 4,000 systems in the US need to install new technologies by January 2006 to comply with the standard.The contracts were awarded through EPA's Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program for commercial ventures that protect the environment, increase productivity and economic growth and improve the international competitiveness of the US technology industry.
EPA, SBIR awards: http://es.epa.gov/ncer/sbir/awards/2003_water.html.HEI invites new research
The Health Effects Institute is inviting applications under its Winter 2003 Research Agenda. The programme covers three specific areas: Assessing Exposure to Air Toxics, addressing the need for a better understanding of both exposure to and health effects of mixtures of air toxics; the Walter A. Rosenblith Award to bring new, creative investigators into active research on the health effects of air pollution; and Measuring the Health Impacts of Actions That Affect Air Quality, to strengthen the scientific basis for evaluating whether air quality regulations or other actions have resulted in improved public health. A fourth category is open to other research requests relevant to HEI's current priorities.Applications close at various dates through 2003.
Health Effects Institute: http://www.healtheffects.org/RFA/Awards and appointments round-up
The start of the year sees the usual crop of awards and new appointments. Among the recent announcements are the following:Dr. Anne Fairbrother, a research scientist in EPA's Office of Research and Development, has been named President of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) North America for the 2002–2003 term. Dr. Fairbrother has published more than 120 peer-reviewed articles and has received top EPA honours, including the Bronze Medal for Significant Research, an Innovative Research Program award and a Technical Achievement Award. Her current research addresses the potential risk of environmental contaminants on complex ecosystems.
Dr Kenneth Olden, Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), has received the Homer Calver Award from the American Public Health Association (APHA), and the Cincinnati Children's Environmental Health Award. Both awards recognise his significant contribution to environmental and public health issues in the United States since his appointment as NIEHS Director in 1991.
Dr. James Huff, an NIEHS researcher, has received the APHA's third annual David P. Rall Award for Advocacy in Public Health. The award was established in memory of Dr. Rall, a former director of the institute and founder of the National Toxicology Program. Dr Huff was recognised for his contribution in helping to launch federal programs that categorize the potential hazards of chemicals for scientists and laymen.
NIEHS: http://www.niehs.nih.govPublications
Standard methods 20th edition
EPA has approved the 20th Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. This publication has long been the benchmark for water and wastewater analysis offering scientists, analysts, and engineers a valid and recognized basis for control and evaluation while ultimately assisting with regulatory compliance. The Final Rule to update methods approval for Standard Methods was published in the Federal Register on 23rd October 2002.Water Environment Federation: “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition”, available for purchase at http://www.wef.orgToxic effects of chemicals on aquatic organisms
A new database contains scientific papers published both nationally and internationally on the toxic effects of chemicals to aquatic organisms and plants. Ecotoxicology data is becoming increasingly important to those trying to improve and enhance the process by which ecological and human health hazard assessments are performed.Launched by FIZ Karlsruhe, a partner of STN International, the Aquire database covers toxic effect data, including lethal, sub-lethal, and residue effects, on all aquatic species including plants and animals and freshwater and saltwater species. Over 4000 species and 7000 chemicals are covered, with priority being given to data published in the peer-reviewed literature.
FIZ-Karlsruhe: http://www.fiz-karlsruhe.deResults of PAH consultation
As part of a health assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), EPA sponsored a two-day peer consultation workshop on 24–25th October 2001 to examine alternative approaches to the health assessment of PAH mixtures. The objectives of the workshop were to generate individual scientific opinions on (1) the extent to which existing approaches to PAH health assessment were supported by the current scientific literature; and (2) how well each approach addressed the range of exposure situations and monitoring data encompassed by EPA program offices. The workshop focused on the extensive carcinogenicity literature for PAHs. A summary report of the proceedings of the workshop has now been published.National Center for Environmental Assessment: “Peer Consultation Workshop On Approaches To Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Health Assessment”, EPA/635/R-02/005, 2002. Available at http://www.epa.gov/nceaHealth assessment of 1,3-butadiene
This assessment was conducted to review the new information that has become available since EPA's 1985 health assessment of 1,3-butadiene. The assessment concludes that 1,3-butadiene is carcinogenic to humans by inhalation, based on the total weight of evidence. The specific mechanisms of 1,3-butadiene-induced carcinogenesis are unknown; however, it is virtually certain that the carcinogenic effects are mediated by genotoxic metabolites of 1,3-butadiene.Animal data suggest that females may be more sensitive than males for cancer effects; nevertheless, there are insufficient data from which to draw any conclusions on potentially sensitive subpopulations. The assessment reports a human incremental lifetime unit cancer (incidence) risk estimate and notes a variety of reproductive and developmental effects in mice.
National Center for Environmental Assessment: “Health Assessment Of 1,3-Butadiene”, EPA/600/P-98/001F, 2002. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/nceaGuidance on ecological risk assessment
A critical early step in conducting an ecological risk assessment is to select assessment endpoints. This selection is often challenging because of the diversity of species, ecological communities, and ecological functions from which those involved in risk assessment can choose and because of statutory ambiguity regarding what is to be protected.EPA is developing further guidance for risk assessors by providing a set of generic ecological assessment endpoints that can be considered and adapted for use in specific ecological risk assessments. The approach builds on existing EPA guidance and experience such as the 1998 Ecological Risk Assessment Guidelines. The document is not prescriptive, but rather is intended to be a useful starting point that is flexible enough to be applied to many different types of ecological risk assessments. This document has been released as an external review draft, for public comment and peer review.
EPA, Risk Assessment Forum: “Generic Assessment Endpoints For Ecological Risk Assessments (External Review Draft)”, EPA/630/P-02/004A, Oct 2002. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/nceaMarine indicators; eutrophication
The development of coastal indicators over the period 1998–2001 is described in a report by the EEA, the first of three volumes. It explains the process and results of a study of potential state and pressure indicators for eutrophication. The report also describes the development of, and information gathering for, a response indicator measuring progress in integrated coastal zone management at subnational (regional) level. The report's primary aim is to test indicators for EEA reporting and not to undertake assessments.A second EEA report examines whether estimates of the plant pigment chlorophyll-a from satellite data can support the evaluation of eutrophication in European marine and coastal waters. Satellite images are a good indicator of the occurrence of algal blooms in relation to eutrophication but overestimate true chlorophyll-a concentrations in open sea areas by 60-70% and even more in coastal waters. The report recommends using chlorophyll-a images from March to April/May as an indicator of eutrophication in the North Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat since they reflect the magnitude of the spring bloom in these areas.
European Environment Agency: “Remote sensing's contribution to evaluating eutrophication in marine and coastal waters”, Technical report No 79; and “Testing of indicators for the marine and coastal environment in Europe”, Technical report No 84. Both available at: http://reports.eea.eu.intEU emissions inventory
Data on emissions of air pollutants in the European Community from 1990-2000 are presented in this report. The emissions data cover acidifying pollutants, ozone precursor substances and other air pollutants: SOx (sulfur oxides), NOx (nitrogen oxides), NH3 (ammonia), NMVOCs (non-methane volatile organic compounds), CO (carbon monoxide), heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. The report serves as the EU's annual submission to the UN/ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP).European Environment Agency: “Annual European Community CLRTAP emission inventory 1990-2000, Technical Report No 91, available at http://reports.eea.eu.intTools for environmental information
The elements of a new data collection network called Reportnet are described in this report, which reflects a shared concern among the major stakeholders that European environmental reporting needs to be revised. The elements described consist of developing an environmental information infrastructure and a set of new services based on it, aimed at streamlining reporting as well as making it less burdensome.European Environment Agency: “Development of common tools and an information infrastructure for the shared European environment information system”, Technical Report No 83, available at http://reports.eea.eu.int| This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2003 |