Application of percolation concepts to electrical conductivity of polyaniline–inorganic salt composites

Abstract

The dependence of the resistivity of protonated polyaniline–inorganic salt composites with the volume fraction of electrically conducting component was analyzed on the basis of percolation theory. A short analysis and a discussion of basic treatment in the evaluation of percolation parameters are included. Microscopical observations showed a non-uniform distribution of polyaniline particles in the composites. The composites of polyaniline sulfate with ammonium sulfate and potassium bromide have a low percolation threshold (<3 vol.% conducting component). This has been explained as a property of the segregated structure of the composites, which is formed because of a large difference in the particle sizes. Basic quantitative characteristics of the morphological structure have been obtained using the percolation model, as proposed by Ewen and Robertson, to explain the properties of thick film resistors.

References

1. A. G. MacDiarmid and A. J. Epstein, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 1989, 88, 317.
2. D. C. Trivedi, in Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers, ed. H. S. Nalwa, Wiley, Chichester, 1997, vol. 2, p. 505.
3. S. F. Lascelles and S. P. Armes, J. Mater. Chem., 1997, 7, 1339.
4. L. Terlemezyan, M. Mihailov and B. Ivanova, Polym. Bull., 1992, 29, 283.
5. M. Morita and I. Hashida, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1990, 41, 1073.
6. A. Deschamps, J.-P. Lagier, F. Fievet, S. Aeiyach and P.-C. Lacaze, J. Mater. Chem., 1992, 2, 1213.
7. S. Dogan, U. Akbulut and L. Toppare, Synth. Met., 1992, 53, 29.
8. Y. H. Park, S. H. Choi, S. K. Song and S. Miyata, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1992, 45, 843.
9. J. Yang, C. Zhao, D. Cui, J. Hou, M. Wan and M. Xu, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1995, 56, 831.
10. S. P. Armes, S. Gottesfeld, J. G. Beery, F. Garzon, C. Mombourquette, M. Hawley and H. H. Kuhn, J. Mater. Chem., 1991, 1, 525.
11. D. C. Trivedi and S. K. Dhawan, Synth. Met., 1993, 59, 267.
12. N. Gospodinova, L. Terlemezyan, P. Mokreva, J. Stejskal and P. Kratochvíl, Eur. Polym. J., 1993, 29, 1305.
13. J. Stejskal, P. Kratochvíl, S. P. Armes, S. F. Lascelles, A. Riede, M. Helmstedt, J. Prokeš and I. Křivka, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 6814.
14. S. P. Armes, in Handbook of Conducting Polymers, ed. R. L. Elsenbaumer, J. R. Reynolds and T. A. Skotheim, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997, vol. 2, ch. 17, p. 423.
15. A. Riede, M. Helmstedt, V. Riede and J. Stejskal, Langmuir, 1998, 14, 6767.
16. P. Banerjee, Eur. Polym. J., 1998, 34, 841.
17. J. Prokeš, I. Křivka and J. Stejskal, Polym. Int., 1997, 43, 117.
18. O. Quadrat, J. Stejskal, C. Klason, J. Kubát and D. H. McQueen, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 1995, 7, 3287.
19. M. Ghosh, A. Barman, S. K. De and S. Chaterjee, Solid State Commun., 1997, 103, 629.
20. P. Banerjee and B. M. Mandal, Synth. Met., 1995, 74, 257.
21. P. Banerjee and B. M. Mandal, Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 3940.
22. J. Stejskal, M. Špírková, O. Quadrat and P. Kratochvíl, Polym. Int., 1997, 44, 283.
23. J. Wojturski, J. Stejskal, O. Quadrat and P. Kratochvíl, Croat. Chem. Acta, 1998, 71, 873.
24. B. J. Last and D. J. Thouless, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1971, 27, 1719.
25. D. Adler, L. P. Flora and S. D. Senturia, Solid State Commun., 1973, 12, 9.
26. S. Kirkpatrick, Rev. Mod. Phys., 1973, 45, 574.
27. H. Scher and R. Zallen, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 53, 3759.
28. B. Derrida, D. Stauffer, H. J. Herrmann and J. Vannimenus, J. Phys. Lett., 1983, 44, L701.
29. I. Balberg and N. Binenbaum, Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter, 1987, 35, 8749.
30. R. Kužel, I. Křivka, J. Kubát, J. Prokeš, S. Nešpůrek and C. Klason, Synth. Met., 1994, 67, 255.
31. A. Malliaris and D. T. Turner, J. Appl. Phys., 1971, 42, 614.
32. D. S. McLachlan, J. Appl. Phys., 1991, 70, 3681.
33. L. D'Ilario and A. Martinelli, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1991, 10, 1465.
34. P. J. S. Ewen and J. M. Robertson, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1981, 14, 2253.
35. A. Kubový, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1986, 19, 2171.
36. A. Kusy and A. Kolek, Physica A, 1989, 157, 130.
37. W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling and B. P. Flannery, Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992.
38. J. Stejskal, A. Riede, D. Hlavatá, J. Prokeš, M. Helmstedt and P. Holler, Synth. Met., 1998, 96, 55.
39. L. J. van der Pauw, Philips Res. Rep., 1958, 13, 1.