Relevant examples of intercalation-deintercalation processes in solid state chemistry: application to oxides

Abstract

Four ‘chimie douce’ synthetic methods, to which much attention has been devoted in the last years, are described. The electrochemical potential is shown to be efficient for intercalating as well as for deintercalating oxygen atoms in oxides. Gaseous NO₂ is able to destroy in situ ammonium ions either in a soft way or violently, leading to the formation of tunneled or lamellar structures or to oxide nanoparticles. Borohydride solutions appear very attractive for the synthesis of low valent oxides at room temperature. Typical examples of these methods are given and the most important features of these reactions are discussed.

References

1. Soft chemistry routes to new materials, Mater. Sci. Forum, 1994, 152–153, ed. J. Rouxel, M. Tournoux and R. Brec, Trans Tech Publications, USA.
2. J.-C. Grenier, A. Wattiaux, J.-P. Doumerc, P. Dordor, L. Fournès, J.-P. Chaminade and M. Pouchard, J. Solid State Chem., 1992, 96, 20.
3. M. Izaki and T. Omi, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1997, 144, 1949.
4. A. Wattiaux, J.-C. Park, J.-C. Grenier and M. Pouchard, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1990, 310, 1047.
5. J. O.'M. Bockris and T. Otagawa, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1984, 131, 290.
6. M. Armand, Intercalation in Materials for Advanced Batteries, ed. D. W. Murphy, Plenum New York, 1980, p. 145.
7. A. Wattiaux, L. Fournes, A. Demourgues, N. Bernaben, J.-C. Grenier and M. Pouchard, Solid State Commun., 1991, 77, 489.
8. P. Bezdicka, L. Fournes, A. Wattiaux, J. C. Grenier and M. Pouchard, Solid State Commun., 1994, 91, 501.
9. P. Bezdicka, A. Wattiaux, J. C. Grenier, M. Pouchard and P. Hagenmuller, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1993, 619, 7.
10. A. Wattiaux, L. Fournès, F. Zhou, J.-C. Grenier, M. Pouchard and J. Etourneau, J. Phys. IV Fr., 1997, 7, C1351.
11. J. C. Park, A. Wattiaux, J. C. Grenier, K. Fröhlich, P. Dordor, M. Pouchard and P. Hagenmuller, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1992, 608, 153.
12. F. Arrouy, A. Wattiaux, E. Marquestaut, C. Cros, G. Demazeau, J.-C. Grenier and M. Pouchard, J. Solid State Chem., 1995, 115, 140.
13. F. C. Chou, J. H. Cho and D. C. Johnston, Physica C, 1992, 197, 303.
14. M. Itoh, Y. J. Shan, S. Sakamoto, Y. Inaguma and T. Nakamura, Physica C, 1994, 223, 75.
15. S. Bhavaraju, J. D. DiCarlo, D. P. Scarfe, I. Yazdi and A. J. Jacobson, Chem. Mater., 1994, 6, 2172.
16. A. Demourgues, A. Wattiaux, J.-C. Grenier, M. Pouchard, J.-M. Dance and P. Hagenmuller, J. Solid State Chem., 1993, 105, 458.
17. M. D. Carvalho, F. M. A. Costa, I. S. Pereira, A. Wattiaux, J. M. Bassat, J.-C. Grenier, M. Pouchard, to be published..
18. C. Dussaret, F. Grasset and J. Darriet, Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem., 1995, 32, 557.
19. Phase separation in cuprate superconductors, ed. K. A. Müller and G. Benedeck, World Scientific, Singapore, 1992.
20. Phase separation in cuprate superconductors, ed. E. Sigmund and K. A. Müller, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1994.
21. A. Demourgues, F. Weill, B. Darriet, A. Wattiaux, J.-C. Grenier, P. Gravereau and M. Pouchard, J. Solid State Chem., 1993, 105, 317, 330.
22. C. Monroux, A. Wattiaux and J.-C. Grenier, to be published.
23. J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Müller, Z. Phys. B, 1986, 64, 189.
24. J. C. Grenier, F. Arrouy, J.-P. Locquet, C. Monroux, M. Pouchard, A. Villesuzanne and A. Wattiaux, Phase separation in cuprate superconductors, ed. K. A. Müller Benedeck, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994, p. 237.
25. S. Hosoya, T. Omata, K. Nakajima, K. Yamada and Y. Endoh, Physica C, 1992, 202, 188.
26. A. Demourgues, P. Dordor, J.-P. Doumerc, J.-C. Grenier, E. Marquestaut, M. Pouchard, A. Villesuzanne and A. Wattiaux, J. Solid State Chem., 1996, 124, 199.
27. G. G. Amatucci, J. M. Tarascon and L. C. Klein, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1996, 143, 1114.
28. R. Gupta and A. Manthiram, J. Solid State Chem., 1996, 121, 483.
29. A. R. Wizansky, P. E. Rauch and F. J. Disalvo, J. Solid State Chem., 1989, 81, 203.
30. E. Takayama-Muromachi, T. Sasaki and Y. Matsui, Physica C, 1993, 207, 97.
31. M. Trari, J. Töpfer, J.-P. Doumerc, M. Pouchard, A. Ammar and P. Hagenmuller, J. Solid State Chem., 1994, 111, 104.
32. S. Petit, J.-P. Doumerc, J.-C. Grenier, T. Séguelong and M. Pouchard, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. IIb, 1995, 321, 37.
33. B. Gérand, G. Novogrocki, J. Guenot and M. Figlarz, J. Solid State Chem., 1979, 29, 429.
34. Y. Muraoka, J.-C. Grenier, S. Petit, M. Pouchard, Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem., submitted..
35. S. Petit, J. P. Doumerc, J. C. Grenier and M. Pouchard, C. R. Acad. Sci., in press.
36. J.-P. Doumerc, J.-C. Grenier, M. Pouchard, S. Petit, Rhöne-Poulenc Chimie, Fr. Pat., 95–01874, 1995.
37. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, ed. R. C. Weast, CRC Press, Cleveland, OH, 56th edn., 1976, D146.
38. L. Zhang and A. Manthiram, J. Mater. Chem., 1996, 6, 999.
39. C. Tsang, A. Dananjay, J. Kim and A. Manthiram, Inorg. Chem., 1996, 35, 504.
40. A. Manthiram and Y. T. Zhu, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1996, 143, L143.
41. C. Tsang and A. Manthiram, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1997, 144, 520.
42. S. Petit, K. David, J.-P. Doumerc, J.-C. Grenier, T. Séguelong and M. Pouchard, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. IIc, 1998, 1, 517.
43. J. Bernard and F. Théobald, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1963, 4916.
44. Y. T. Zhu and A. Manthiram, J. Solid State Chem., 1994, 110, 187.
45. S. Petit, B. Jousseaume, L. Fournès, J. P. Doumerc, J. C. Grenier, A. Wattiaux, M. Pouchard and P. Hagenmuller, Essays on Interdisciplinary Topics in Natural Sciences, ed. R. B. Scorzelli, I. Souza Azevedo and E. Baggio Saitovitch, CBPF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1997, p. 199.