Flow field-flow fractionation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and metal speciation in proteins: A feasibility study

Abstract

The feasibility of trace metal speciation in proteins directly using flow field-flow fractionation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (FlFFF-ICP-MS) was investigated. The effect on the separation of the FlFFF system cross flow rate was demonstrated for a carbonic anhydrase and alcohol dehydrogenase mixture. Preliminary studies with FlFFF-ICP-MS were applied to several protein standards including metallothionein, carbonic anhydrase, ceruloplasmin, alcohol dehydrogenase, and thyroglobulin. Cadmium was detected in metallothionein; copper and zinc in carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and ceruloplasmin, and iodide in thyroglobulin.

References

1. A. Sanz-Medel, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1998, 53, 197.
2. W. Lund, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1990, 337, 557.
3. S. Caroli, Microchem. J., 1995, 51, 64.
4. D. Behne, Analyst, 1992, 117, 555.
5. Element Speciation in Bioinorganic Chemistry, ed. S. Caroli, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1996.
6. R. Lobinski, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1998, 53, 177.
7. P. C. Uden, in Determination of Trace Elements, ed. Z. B. Alfassi, VCH, Weinheim, 1994, ch. 11, pp. 425–460.
8. S. J. Hill, M. J. Bloxham and P. J. Worsfold, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1993, 8, 499.
9. N. P. Vela, L. K. Olson and J. A. Caruso, Anal. Chem., 1993, 65, 585A.
10. A. Seubert, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1994, 350, 210.
11. G. K. Zoorob, J. W. McKiernan and J. A. Caruso, Mikrochim. Acta, 1998, 128, 145.
12. R. M. Barnes, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1996, 355, 433.
13. J. R. Dean, S. Munro, L. Ebdon, H. M. Crews and R. C. Massey, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1987, 2, 607.
14. A. Z. Mason, S. D. Storms and K. D. Jenkins, Anal. Biochem., 1990, 186, 187.
15. H. M. Crews, J. R. Dean, L. Ebdon and R. C. Massey, Analyst, 1989, 114, 895.
16. P. E. Gardiner, P. Brätter, B. Gercken and A. Tomiak, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1987, 2, 375.
17. P. Brätter, I. V. Blasco, V. E. Negretti de Brätter and A. Raab, Analyst, 1998, 123, 821.
18. S. C. K. Shum and R. S. Houk, Anal. Chem., 1993, 65, 2972.
19. B. Gercken and R. M. Barnes, Anal. Chem., 1991, 63, 283.
20. J. Wang, R. S. Houk, D. Dreessen and D. R. Wiederin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 5793.
21. R. M. Barnes, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1998, 361, 246.
22. R. Beckett, At. Spectrosc., 1991, 12, 228.
23. H. E. Taylor, J. R. Garbarino, D. M. Murphy and R. Beckett, Anal. Chem., 1992, 64, 2036.
24. D. M. Murphy, J. R. Garbarino, H. E. Taylor, B. T. Hart and R. Beckett, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 642, 459.
25. C. Contado, G. Blo, F. Fagioli, F. Dondi and R. Beckett, Colloids Surfaces A, Physico-chem. Eng. Aspects, 1997, 120, 47.
26. J. F. Ranville, D. J. Chittleborough, F. Shanks, R. J. S. Morrison, T. Harris, F. Doss and R. Beckett, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, 381, 315.
27. J. C. Giddings, Science, 1993, 260, 1456.
28. K. G. Wahlund and A. Litzen, J. Chromatogr., 1989, 461, 73.
29. A. Litzen and K. G. Wahlund, J. Chromatogr., 1989, 476, 413.
30. A. Litzen and K. G. Wahlund, Anal. Biochem., 1993, 212, 469.
31. J. C. Giddings, M. N. Benincasa, M. K. Liu and P. Li, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 1992, 15, 1729.
32. M. K. Liu and J. C. Giddings, Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 3576.
33. P. Li, M. Hansen and J. C. Giddings, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 1997, 20, 2777.
34. M. Kaufmann, J. Chromatogr. B, 1997, 699, 347.
35. J. C. Giddings, Sep. Sci. Technol., 1984, 19, 831.
36. J. C. Giddings, F. J. Yang and M. N. Myers, Science, 1976, 193, 1244.
37. J. C. Giddings, F. J. Yang and M. N. Myers, Anal. Chem., 1976, 48, 1126.
38. J. C. Giddings, Chem. Eng. News, 1988, 66, 34.
39. K. G. Heumann, S. M. Gallus, G. Rädlinger and J. Vogl, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1998, 53, 273.
40. M. Hassellöv, G. Huthe, B. Lyvén and G. Stenhagen, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 1997, 20, 2843.
41. E. H. Larsen, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1998, 53, 253.
42. H. Chassaigne and R. Lobinski, Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, 2536.