NIR FT Raman spectroscopic study of flame soot

Abstract

During combustion soot goes through different molecular structures. The Raman spectra of flame soot, collected in premixed flames at different flame heights and flame temperatures, were analysed in regard to their structural properties and in comparison with those of disordered graphite. Besides the G- and D-band of disordered graphite, a third Raman band at approximately 1188 cm^-1 was observed which was tentatively assigned to mixed s–s bondings or to the C–C and C2C stretching vibration modes of polyene-like structures. The G-band position, the D-band width, and I_D/I_G intensity ratio describe the graphitic order in the particles. According to this result the graphitic order of the untreated soot particles decreases with decreasing flame temperature and flame height, whereas the size L_a of the graphitic sheets is nearly constant.

References

1. J. Robertson, Adv. Phys., 1986, 35, 317.
2. M. S. Akhter, A. R. Chughtai and D. M. Smith, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 143.
3. M. S. Akhter, A. R. Chughtai and D. M. Smith, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 154.
4. C. A. Sergides, J. A. Jassim, A. R. Chughtai and D. M. Smith, Appl. Spectrosc., 1987, 41, 482.
5. D. M. Smith, M. S. Akhter, J. A. Jassim, C. A. Sergides, W. F. Welch and A. R. Chughtai, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 1989, 10, 311.
6. P. Minutolo, G. Gambi, D'Allesio and S. Carlucci, Atmos. Environ., 1999, 33, 2725.
7. J. Schulz, Thesis, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 1987.
8. J. B. Donnet and A. Voet, Carbon Black–Physics, Chemistry, and Elastomer Reinforcement, Marcel Decker, New York, 1976.
9. J. Lahaye, G. Prado, in Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, ed. P. L. Walker and P. A. Thrower, Marcel Decker, New York, 1978, vol. 14, p. 168.
10. A. E. Austin, 1956, in Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Carbon, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, p. 389.
11. R. Al-Jishi and G. Dresselhaus, Phys. Rev. B, 1982, 26, 4514.
12. M. Hanfland, H. Beister and K. Syassen, Phys. Rev. B, 1989, 39, 12598.
13. P. Lespade and A. Marchand, Carbon, 1984, 22, 375.
14. K. Nakamura, M. Fujitsuka and M. Kitajima, Phys. Rev. B, 1990, 41, 12260.
15. L. Nikiel and P. W. Jagodzinski, Carbon, 1993, 31, 1313.
16. F. Tuinstra and J. L. Koenig, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 33, 1126.
17. T. Gruber, T. W. Zerda and M. Gerspacher, Carbon, 1994, 32, 1377.
18. T. P. Menargh, R. P. Cooney and R. A. Johnson, Carbon, 1984, 22, 39.
19. M. Ramsteiner and J. Wagner, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1987, 51, 1355.
20. M. Yoshikawa, G. Katagiri, H. Ishida and A. Ishitani, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1988, 52, 1639.
21. Q. Wang, D. D. Allred and J. González-Hernnádez, Phys. Rev. B, 1993, 47, 6119.
22. A. V. Stanishevskii and L. Y. Khryashchev, Optics Spectrosc., 1996, 81, 561.
23. T. Hirschfeld and D. B. Chase, Appl. Spectrosc., 1986, 40, 133.
24. M. Yoshikawa, N. Nagai, M. Matsuki, H. Fukuda, G. Katagiri, H. Ishida and A. Ishitani, Phys. Rev. B, 1992, 46, 7169.
25. A. Cuesta, P. Dhamelincourt, J. Laureyns, A. Mártinez-Alonso and J. M. D. Tascón, Carbon, 1994, 32, 1523.
26. A. G. Gaydon and H. G. Wolfhard, Flames. Their Structure, Radiation and Temperature, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979.
27. W. S. Bacsa, J. S. Lannin, D. L. Pappas and J. J. Cuomo, Phys. Rev. B, 1993, 47, 10931.
28. H. Ishida, H. Fukuda, G. Katagiri and A. Ishitani, Appl. Spectrosc., 1986, 40, 322.
29. M. A. Tamor and W. C. Vassell, J. Appl. Phys., 1994, 76, 3823.
30. A. D'Alessio, A. D'Anna, G. Gambi and P. Minutolo, J. Aerosol Sci., 1998, 29, 397.
31. V. Menella, G. Monaco, L. Colangeli and E. Bussoletti, Carbon, 1995, 33, 115.