Photophysics of Calcium Green 1 invitro and in live cells

Abstract

The absolute measurement of calcium activity in cells is hindered by the presence of different forms of the probe (adsorbed, protonated). Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy can be a sensitive technique to separate contaminating forms of the probe. The fluorescent probe Calcium Green 1 was characterised, invitro, in terms of calcium and also pH dependence, albumin adsorption, extent of hydrolysis, viscosity and medium polarity. A 1:1 stoichiometry was obtained for the calcium complexation with a K_d value that agrees with reported values. A pK_a of the BAPTA moiety was measured as 6.7. The fluorescence lifetimes are slightly dependent on polarity but not on viscosity. It was observed that most of the interfering forms of the probe share the common lifetimes of 0.5 and 3.5 ns. An alternative mechanism for Calcium Green 1 sensing is proposed based on a ground state conformational equilibrium affecting the photoinduced electron transfer.

References

1. K. Calsson, P. E. Danielsson, R. Lenz, A. Liljeborg, L. Majlof and N. Aslund, Opt. Lett., 1985, 10, 53; W. Denk, J. H. Strickler and W. W. Webb, Science, 1990, 248, 73; W. Denk, Photonics Spectra, 1997, 125.
2. H. Szmacinski and J. R. Lakowicz, in Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, ed. J. R. Lakowicz, Plenum Press, New York, 1994, vol. 4, p. 295.
3. R. A. Bissel, A. P. de Silva, H. Q. N. Gunarantne, P. L. M. Lynch, G. E. M. Maguire and K. R. A. S. Sandanayake, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1992, 21, 187; R. A. Bissel, A. P. de Silva, H. Q. N. Gunarantne, P. L. M. Lynch, G. E. M. Maguire, C. P. McCoy and K. R. A. S. Sandanayake, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 166, 223; P. A. De Silva, N. Gunaratne, T. Gunnlaugsson, A. J. M. Huxley, C. P. McCoy, J. T. Rademacher and T. E. Rice, Chem. Rev., 1997, 97, 1515.
4. A. P. de Silva and K. R. A. Sandanayake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1991, 32, 421; A. P. de Silva and S. A. de Silva, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1986, 1709.
5. W. N. Ross, Biophys. J., 1993, 64, 1655.
6. J.-M. Millot, L. Pingret, J.-F. Angiboust, A. Bonhomme, J.-M. Pinon and M. Manfait, Cell Calcium, 1995, 17, 354.
7. M. Poenie, Cell Calcium, 1990, 11, 85.
8. R. Y. Tsien, Biochemistry, 1980, 19, 2396.
9. M. A. Kuhn, in Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition, ed. A. W. Czarnik, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 147.
10. A. P. de Silva, H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne and G. E. M. Maguire, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 1213.
11. A. P. de Silva and H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1990, 186.
12. T. Araki and M.-O. Yamada, Acta Histochem. Cytochem., 1986, 19, 83.
13. K. P. Ghiggino, P. G. Spizzini and T. A. Smith, in Spectroscopy and chemistry in small domains, ed. H. Masuhara, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994.
14. L. Schoutteten, P. Denjean and R. B. Pansu, J. Fluorescence, 1997, 7, 155.
15. A. F. Gazdar, W. L. Chick, H. Oie, H. L. Sims, D. L. King, G. C. Weir and V. Lauris, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1980, 77, 3519.
16. M. Kubista, R. Sjöback and J. Nygren, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, 302, 121; M. Kubista, R. Sjöback and B. Albisson, Anal. Chem., 1993, 65, 994; Chemometrics Tool Box, MathWorks, Natick, MA, 1992.
17. S. Kawata, H. Komeda, K. Sasaki and S. Minami, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 610.
18. R. B. Pansu and K. Yoshihara, J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 10123.
19. M. Eberhard and P. Erne, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1991, 180, 209.
20. W. J. Scheenen, L. R. Makings, L. R. Gross, T. Pozzan and R. Y. Tsien, Chem. Biol., 1996, 3, 765.
21. C. G. Knight and A. Matthews, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1989, 985, 75.
22. M. M. Martin and L. Lindqvist, J. Lumin., 1975, 10, 381.
23. M. A. Kuhn, in Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition, ed. A. W. Czarnik, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 147.
24. W. M. Arnold, A. G. Gessner and U. Zimmermann, Biochem. Biophys. A, 1993, 1157, 32.
25. W. N. Ross, Biophys. J., 1993, 64, 1655.
26. F. Bancel, J. Salmon, J. Vigo, T. Vo-Dinh and P. Viallet, Anal. Biochem., 1992, 204, 231.
27. J. Chahboun, J.-M. Salmon and P. J. Viallet, Photochem. Photobiol. B, 1996, 33, 125.
28. C. R. Cantor and P. R. Schimmel, Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Biophysical Chemistry, Part II, Freeman, San Francisco, 1980, p. 432.
29. K. M. Wright and K. J. Oparka, J. Exp. Bot., 1996, 47, 304, 1779.
30. R. Sanders, H. C. Gerristen, A. Draaijer, M. P. Houpt and Y. K. Levine, Bioimaging, 1994, 2, 131.
31. M. Eberhard and P. Erne, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1991, 180, 209.
32. L. Schoutteten, P. Denjean, G. Joliff-Botrel, C. Bernard, D. Pansu and R. B. Pansu, Photochem. Photobiol., submitted for publication.