Sono-cathodic stripping voltammetry of manganese at a polished boron-doped diamond electrode: application to the determination of manganese in instant tea

Abstract

Ultrasonically assisted cathodic stripping voltammetry at a boron-doped diamond electrode was developed for the detection of manganese. Differential-pulse voltammetry was used to give the analytical signal from a cathodic strip of electrodeposited MnO₂; linearity was observed from 10^–11 M to at least 3 × 10^–7 M, with 10^–1l M being the detection limit for a 2 min deposition. The procedure involves both ultrasonic–anodic deposition of MnO₂ and ultrasonic–cathodic stripping. This novel analytical tool is robust, reproducible, mercury free, oxygen insensitive and highly specific towards manganese. The differential-pulse sono-cathodic stripping voltammetric technique was used to determine successfully the manganese content of two instant tea samples, giving excellent agreement with independent AAS analyses.

References

1. J. Wang, Stripping Analysis: Principles, Instrumentation and Applications, VCH, Deerfield Beach, FL, 1985.
2. Kh. Brainina and E. Neynam, Electroanalytical Stripping Methods, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1993.
3. C. Locatelli, Talanta, 1996, 43, 45.
4. W. Jin, V. D. Nguyen, P. Valenta and H. W. Nürnberg, Anal. Lett., 1997, 30, 1235.
5. C. Locatelli and G. Torsi, Talanta, 1998, 46, 623.
6. M. Kopanica and V. Stara, Electroanalysis, 1993, 5, 595.
7. Z. Komy, Mikrochim. Acta, 1993, 111, 239.
8. J. Wang and J. S. Mahmoud, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986, 182, 147.
9. M.-L. Tercier-Waeber, C. Belmont-Herbert and J. Buffle, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1998, 32, 1515.
10. M.-L. Tercier-Waeber and J. Buffle, Sea Technol., 1999, 40, 74.
11. C. Agra-Gutiérrez, J. L. Hardcastle, J. C. Ball and R. G. Compton, Analyst, 1999, 124, 1053.
12. http://vest.gu.se/homepages/old_bosse/Mercury/Nature/Swedishflow/default.html.
13. E. Gustafsson, Water Air Soil Pollut., 1995, 80, 99.
14. http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=2382&newSdate=06-Nov-1998.
15. L. Wang, C. Ma, X. Zhang and J. Wang, Anal. Lett., 1993, 26, 1711.
16. A. Romanus, H. Müller and D. Kirsch, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1991, 340, 363.
17. J. Wang and J. Lu, Talanta, 1995, 42, 331.
18. N. A. El-Maali and D. A. El-Hady, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1998, 370, 239.
19. H. Zhang, R. Wollast, J.-C. Vire and G. J. Wollast, Analyst, 1989, 114, 1597.
20. J.-Z. Zhang and F. J. Millero, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 284, 497.
21. E. A. Viltchinskaia, D. M. Zeigman, D. M. Garcia and P. F. Santos, Anal. Lett., 1995, 28, 1845.
22. J. Labuda, M. Vaníčková and E. Beinrohr, Mikrochim. Acta, 1989, I, 113.
23. S. B. Khoo, M. K. Soh, Q. Cai, M. R. Khan and S. X. Guo, Electroanalysis, 1997, 9, 45.
24. T. Ishiyama and T. Tanaka, Tetsu To Hagane (J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn.), 1996, 82, 923.
25. T. Ishiyama, Bunseki Kagaku, 1997, 46, 847.
26. T. Tanaka, T. Muramatsu, N. Takada and A. Mizuike, Bunseki Kagaku, 1993, 42, 587.
27. K. W. Bruland and J. S. Roitz, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1997, 344, 175.
28. R. N. Goyal and A. Mittal, J. Sci. Ind. Res., 1993, 52, 607.
29. M. Esteban and C. Ariño, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 285, 377.
30. E. Popa, H. Notsu, T. Miwa, D. A. Tryk and A. Fujishima, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 1999, 2, 49.
31. A. J. Saterlay, C. Agra-Gutiérrez, M. P. Taylor, F. Marken and R. G. Compton, Electroanalysis in the press.
32. J. Xu, M. C. Granger, Q. Chen, J. W. Strojek, T. E. Lister and G. M. Swain, Anal. Chem., 1997, 69, 591A.
33. G. M. Swain, A. B. Anderson and J. C. Angus, MRS Bull., 1998, 23, 56.
34. F. Bouamrane, A. Tadjeddine, R. Tenne, J. E. Butler, R. Kalish and C. LevyClement, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1998, 102, 134.
35. T. Yano, D. A. Tryk, K. Hashimoto and A. Fujishima, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1998, 145, 1870.
36. J. S. Xu, Q. Y. Chen and G. M. Swain, Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, 3146.
37. C. H. Goeting, F. Jones, J. S. Foord, J. C. Eklund, F. Marken, R. G. Compton, P. R. Chalker and C. Johnston, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998, 442, 207.
38. R. G. Compton, J. C. Eklund and F. Marken, Electroanalysis, 1997, 9, 509.
39. N. A. Madigan, T. J. Murphy, J. M. Fortune, C. R. S. Hagan and L. A. Coury Jr., Anal. Chem., 1995, 67, 2781.
40. A. M. Oliveira Brett, C. M. A. Brett, F.-M. Matysik and S. Matysik, Ultrasonics Sonochem., 1997, 4, 123.
41. F. Marken, T. O. Rebbitt, J. Booth and R. G. Compton, Electroanalysis, 1997, 9, 19.
42. F.-M. Matysik, S. Matysik, A. M. Oliveira Brett and C. M. A. Brett, Anal. Chem., 1997, 69, 1651.
43. C. Agra-Gutiérrez, J. C. Ball and R. G. Compton, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1998, 102, 7028.
44. R. P. Akkermans, J. C. Ball, T. O. Rebbitt, F. Marken and R. G. Compton, Electrochim. Acta, 1998, 43, 3443.
45. R. P. Akkermans, J. C. Ball, F. Marken and R. G. Compton, Electroanalysis, 1998, 10, 26.
46. C. Agra-Gutiérrez and R. G. Compton, Electroanalysis, 1998, 10, 204.
47. C. Agra-Gutiérrez and R. G. Compton, Electroanalysis, 1998, 10, 603.
48. J. González-García, J. Iniesta, A. Aldaz and V. Montiel, New J. Chem., 1998, 22, 343.
49. R. G. Compton, F. Marken, C. H. Goeting, R. A. J. McKeown, J. S. Foord, G. Scarsbrook, R. S. Sussmann and A. J. Whitehead, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1998, 1961.
50. A. J. Saterlay, Q. Hong and R. G. Compton, Ultrasonics Sonochem. 1999, in print.
51. J. J. Powell, T. J. Burden and R. P. H. Thompson, Analyst, 1998, 123, 1721.
52. J. J. Fardy, G. D. McOrist and Y. J. Farrar, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1992, 163, 195.
53. A. R. McEuen, Inorganic Biochemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1981.
54. A. Iregren, Neurotoxicology, 1994, 15, 671.
55. H. Frumkin and G. Solomon, Am. J. Ind. Med., 1997, 31, 107.
56. Metal Contamination of Food, ed. C. Reilly, Applied Science, London, 1980.
57. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition ed. E. J. Underwood, Academic Press, New York, 1997.
58. Y. Özdemir and S. Güçer, Anal. Lett., 1998, 31, 697.
59. http://www.maff.gov.uk/maffhome.htm.
60. R. G. Compton, J. C. Eklund and S. D. Page, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 4211.
61. M. A. Margulis and A. N. Mal'tsev, Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1969, 43, 592.
62. T. J. Mason, J. P. Lorimer and D. M. Bates, Ultrasonics, 1992, 30, 40.
63. F. Marken and R. G. Compton, Ultrasonics Sonochem., 1996, 2, S131.
64. A. J. Bard, Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of the Elements, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1970, vol, 1, p. 349.
65. A. Tvarusko, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1964, 111, 125.
66. S. Rodrigues, N. Munichandraiah and A. K. Shukla, J. Appl. Electrochem., 1998, 28, 1235.
67. E.Y. A. Neiman, L. G. Petrova, V. I. Ignaton and G. M. Dolgopolova, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1980, 113, 277.
68. O. L. Kabanova and S. M. Beniaminova, J. Anal. Chem. USSR, 1970, 26, 94.
69. S. Dong and Y. Wang, Talanta, 1998, 35, 819.
70. H. Gunasinghan and R. Dalangin, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1991, 246, 309.