Preparation of size-controlled hexagonal CdS nanocrystallites and the characteristics of their surface structures

(Note: The full text of this document is currently only available in the PDF Version )

Kei Murakoshi, Hiroji Hosokawa, Miwa Saitoh, Yuji Wada, Takao Sakata, Hirotaro Mori, Mitsunobu Satoh and Shozo Yanagida


Abstract

Hexagonal CdS nanocrystallites have been easily prepared by reacting Cd2+ and S2- (H2S or Na2S) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) without adding any surface stabilizers. The mean diameter of the nanocrystallites can be rigorously controlled over the range 1.8–4.2 nm with keeping the hexagonal crystalline structure by varying the sulfur source (H2S and Na2S) and by regulating the preparation temperature. Use of Na2S as a sulfur source produces smaller CdS nanocrystallites than use of H2S. The size control and stability of CdS nanocrystallites are discussed in terms of the characteristics of the surface structures based on insitu Cd K-edge EXAFS analysis.


References

  1. For reviews, see: (a) A. Henglein, Top. Curr. Chem., 1988, 143, 113 CAS; (b) A. Henglein, Chem. Rev, 1989, 89, 1861 CrossRef CAS; (c) L. E. Brus, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 2555 CrossRef CAS; (d) M. L. Steigerwald and L. E. Brus, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 183 CrossRef CAS; (e) L. E. Brus, Appl. Phys. A, 1991, 53, 465 Search PubMed; (f) Y. Wang and N. Herron, J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 525 CrossRef CAS; (g) H. Weller, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1993, 32, 41 CrossRef; (h) P. Kamat, Chem. Rev., 1993, 93, 267 CrossRef CAS; (i) A. Hagfeldt and M. Grätzel, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 49 CrossRef CAS.
  2. (a) Y. Nosaka, K. Yamaguchi, H. Miyama and H. Hayashi, Chem. Lett., 1988, 605 CAS; (b) Y. Nosaka, N. Ohta, T. Fukuyama and N. Fujii, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1993, 115, 23 CrossRef CAS.
  3. (a) M. L. Steigerwald, A. P. Alivisatos, J. M. Gibson, T. D. Harris, A. R. Kortan, A. J. Muller, A. M. Thayer, T. M. Duncan, D. C. Douglass and L. E. Brus, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 3046 CrossRef CAS; (b) A. R. Kortan, R. Hull, R. L. Opila, M. G. Bawendi, M. L. Steigerwald, A. P. Alivisatos, P. J. Carrol and L. E. Brus, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 1327 CrossRef CAS.
  4. (a) D. Hayes, O. I. Micic, M. T. Nenadovic, V. Swayambunathan and D. Meisel, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 4603 CrossRef CAS; (b) V. Swayambunathan, D. Hayes, K. H. Schmidt, Y. X. Liao and D. Meisel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 3831 CrossRef CAS.
  5. C. H. Fischer and A. Henglein, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 5578 CrossRef CAS.
  6. N. Herron, Y. Wang and H. Eckert, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 1322 CrossRef.
  7. (a) S. Yanagida, T. Enokida, A. Shindo, T. Shiragami, T. Ogata, T. Fukumi, T. Sakaguchi, H. Mori and T. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1990, 1773 CAS; (b) S. Yanagida, T. Ogata, A. Shindo, H. Hosokawa, H. Mori, T. Sakata and Y. Wada, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1995, 68, 752 CAS; (c) H. Hosokawa, T. Ogata, Y. Wada, K. Murakoshi, T. Sakata, H. Mori and S. Yanagida, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1997, 92, 4547 Search PubMed.
  8. (a) U. Resch, A. Eychmüller, M. Haase and H. Weller, Langmuir, 1992, 8, 2215 CrossRef CAS; (b) T. Vossmeyer, L. Katsikas, M. Giersig, I. G. Popovic, K. Diesner, A. Chemseddine, A. Eychmüller and H. Weller, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 7665 CrossRef CAS.
  9. V. L. Colvin, A. N. Goldstein and A. P. Alivisatos, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 5221 CrossRef CAS.
  10. S. Mahamuni, A. A. Khosravi, M. Kundu, A. Kshirsagar, A. Bedekar, D. B. Avasare, P. Singh and S. K. Kulkarni, J. Appl. Phys., 1993, 73, 5237 CrossRef CAS.
  11. (a) T. Torimoto, H. Uchida, T. Sakata, H. Mori and H. Yoneyama, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 1874 CrossRef CAS; (b) T. Torimoto, T. Sakata, H. Mori and H. Yoneyama, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 3036 CrossRef CAS; (c) T. Torimoto, K. Maeda, T. Sakata, H. Mori and H. Yoneyama, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 13658 CrossRef CAS; (d) H. Inoue, N. Ichiroku, T. Torimoto, T. Sakata, H. Mori and H. Yoneyama, Langmuir, 1994, 10, 4517 CrossRef CAS.
  12. T. Rajh, O. I. Micic and A. J. Nozik, J. Phys. Chem., 1993, 97, 11 999 CrossRef CAS.
  13. D. Lawless, S. Kapoor and D. Meisel, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 10329 CrossRef CAS.
  14. C. B. Murray, D. J. Norris and M. G. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 8706 CrossRef CAS.
  15. (a) Y. Wang and N. Herron, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 257 CrossRef CAS; (b) N. Herron, Y. Wang, M. M. Eddy, G. D. Stucky, D. E. Cox, K. Moller and T. Bein, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 530 CrossRef CAS; (c) K. Moller, M. M. Eddy, G. D. Stucky, N. Herron and T. Bein, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2564 CrossRef.
  16. (a) A. I. Ekimov and A. A. Onushchenko, JETP Lett., 1984, 40, 1136; (b) A. I. Ekimov, A. L. Efros and A. A. Onushchenko, Solid State Commun., 1985, 56, 921 CAS.
  17. (a) J. Kuczynski and J. K. Thomas, J. Phys. Chem., 1985, 89, 2720 CrossRef CAS; (b) R. Stramel, T. Nakamura and J. K. Thomas, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1988, 84, 1287 RSC.
  18. N. Kakuta, J. M. White, A. Campion, M. A. Fox and S. E. Webber, J. Phys. Chem., 1985, 89, 48 CrossRef CAS.
  19. Y. Wang, A. Suna, W. Mahler and R. Kasowski, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 87, 7315 CrossRef CAS.
  20. P. Lianos and J. K. Thomas, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 125, 299 CrossRef CAS.
  21. (a) C. Petit and M. P. Pileni, J. Phys. Chem., 1988, 92, 2282 CrossRef CAS; (b) C. Petit, P. Lixon and M. P. Pileni, J. Phys. Chem., 1990, 94, 1598 CrossRef CAS.
  22. (a) Y. M. Tricot and J. H. Fendler, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 7359 CrossRef CAS; (b) R. Rafaeloff, Y. M. Tricot, F. Nome and J. H. Fendler, J. Phys. Chem., 1985, 89, 533 CrossRef CAS; (c) Y. M. Tricot, Å. Emeren and J. K. Fendler, J. Phys. Chem., 1985, 89, 4721 CrossRef CAS; (d) Y. M. Tricot and J. H. Fendler, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 3369 CrossRef CAS; (e) H. Watzke and J. H. Fendler, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 854 CrossRef CAS; (f) A. Chang and J. H. Fendler, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 2538 CrossRef CAS.
  23. B. A. Korgel and H. G. Monbouquette, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 346 CrossRef CAS.
  24. (a) X. Peng, S. Q. Guan, X. D. Chai and Y. S. Jiang, J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 3170 CrossRef CAS; (b) X. Peng, R. Lu, Y. Y. Zhao, L. H. Qu, H. Y. Chen and T. J. Li, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 7052 CrossRef CAS.
  25. R. Zhu, G. Min, Y. Wei and H. J. Schmitt, J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 8210 CrossRef.
  26. J. Yang, F. C. Meldrum and J. H. Fendler, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 5500 CrossRef CAS.
  27. I. Ichinose, N. Kimizuka and T. Kunitake, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 3736 CrossRef.
  28. K. M. Choi and K. J. Shea, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 3207 CrossRef CAS.
  29. (a) S. Y. Chang, L. Liu and S. A. Asher, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6739 CrossRef CAS; (b) S. Y. Chang, L. Liu and S. A. Asher, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6745 CrossRef CAS.
  30. (a) C. H. Fischer, H. Weller, A. Fojtik, C. Lume-Pereira, E. Janata and A. Henglein, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 46 Search PubMed; (b) C. H. Fischer, J. Lilie, H. Weller, L. Katsikas and A. Henglein, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 61 Search PubMed; (c) C. H. Fischer, H. Weller, L. Katsikas and A. Henglein, Langmuir, 1989, 5, 429 CrossRef.
  31. A. Eychmuüller, L. Katsikas and H. Weller, Langmuir, 1990, 6, 1605 CrossRef.
  32. H. Matsumoto, H. Uchida, T. Matsunaga, K. Tanaka, T. Sakata, H. Mori and H. Yoneyama, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 11549 CrossRef CAS.
  33. H. Matsumoto, T. Sakata, H. Mori and H. Yoneyama, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 13781 CrossRef CAS.
  34. I. G. Dance, A. Choy and M. L. Scudder, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 6285 CrossRef CAS.
  35. G. S. Lee, D. C. Craig, I. Ma, M. L. Scudder, T. D. Bailey and I. G. Dance, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 4863 CrossRef CAS.
  36. T. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, L. Katsikas, E. T. K. Haupt, B. Schulz and H. Weller, Science, 1995, 267, 1476 CrossRef CAS.
  37. T. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, B. Schulz, L. Katsikas and H. Weller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 12881 CrossRef CAS.
  38. N. Herron, J. C. Calabrese, W. E. Farneth and Y. Wang, Science, 1993, 259, 1426 CrossRef CAS.
  39. M. V. Ramakrishna and R. A. Friesner, J. Chem. Phys., 1991, 95, 8309 CrossRef.
  40. B. Zorman, M. V. Ramakrishna and R. A. Friesner, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 7649 CrossRef CAS.
  41. M. Kanemoto, K. Ishihara, Y. Wada, T. Sakata, H. Mori and S. Yanagida, Chem. Lett., 1992, 835 CAS.
  42. H. Hosokawa, H. Fujiwara, K. Murakoshi, Y. Wada, S. Yanagida and M. Satoh, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 6649 CrossRef CAS.
  43. B. K. Teo, in EXAFS: Basic Principles and Data Analysis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986 Search PubMed.
  44. D. C. Koningsberger and R. Prins, in X-ray Absorption: Principles, Applications, Techniques of EXAFS, SEXAFS, and XANES, eds. D. C. Koningsberger and R. Prins, Wiley, New York, 1988 Search PubMed.
  45. H. Sakane, T. Miyanaga, I. Watanabe, N. Matsubayashi, S. Ikeda and Y. Yokoyama, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1993, 32, 4641 CAS.
  46. Y. Wang and N. Herron, Phys. Rev. B, 1990, 42, 7253 CrossRef CAS.
  47. L. E. Brus, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 80, 4403 CrossRef CAS.
  48. Y. Nosaka, J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 5054 CrossRef CAS.
  49. Y. Nosaka, H. Shigeno and T. Ikeuchi, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 8317 CrossRef CAS.
  50. H. Schmidt and H. Weller, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 129, 615 CrossRef CAS.
  51. P. E. Lippens and M. Lannoo, Phys. Rev. B, 1989, 39, 10935 CrossRef CAS.
  52. D. R. Lide, in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 75th edn., 1995, p. 4-46 Search PubMed.
  53. (a) M. Haase and A. P. Alivisatos, J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 6756 CrossRef CAS; (b) S. H. Tolbert and A. P. Alivisatos, Science., 1994, 265, 373 CrossRef CAS; (c) S. H. Tolbert and A. P. Alivisatos, J. Chem. Phys., 1995, 102, 4642 CrossRef CAS.
  54. L. E. Brus, J. A. W. Harkless and F. H. Stillinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 4834 CrossRef CAS.
  55. K. Murakoshi, H. Hosokawa, N. Tanaka, M. Saito, Y. Wada, T. Sakata, H. Mori and S. Yanagida, Chem. Commun., in press Search PubMed.
  56. S. Yanagida, M. Kanemoto, K. Ishihara, Y. Wada, T. Sakata and H. Mori, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1997, 70, 2063 CAS.
  57. J. J. Ramsden, S. E. Webber and M. Grätzel, J. Phys. Chem., 1985, 89, 2740 CrossRef CAS.
  58. V. Gutmann, The Donor–Acceptor Approach to Molecular Interactions, Plenum, New York, 1978 Search PubMed.
  59. A. Fojtik, H. Weller, U. Koch and A. Henglein, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 969 Search PubMed.
  60. R. Rossetti, R. Hull, J. M. Gibson and L. E. Brus, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 82, 552 CrossRef CAS.
  61. N. M. Dimitrijevic and P. V. Kamat, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 2096 CrossRef CAS.
  62. H. Weller, U. Koch, M. Gutierrez and A. Henglein, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 649 Search PubMed.
  63. D. W. Bahnemann, C. Kormann and M. R. Hoffmann, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 3789 CrossRef CAS.
  64. L. Spanhel and M. A. Anderson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 2826 CrossRef CAS.
  65. J. J. Ramsden and M. Grätzel, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1984, 80, 919 RSC.
  66. L. E. Brus, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 2555 CrossRef CAS.
  67. Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of the Elements, ed. A. J. Bard, Marcel Dekker, New York, vol. 1, 1973 Search PubMed.
  68. R. W. G. Wyckoff, in Crystal Structures, Wiley & Sons, New York, vol. 1, 1963 Search PubMed.
  69. K. Ozutsumi, T. Takamuku, S. Ishiguro and H. Ohtaki, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1989, 62, 1875 CAS.
  70. Y. Marcus, Chem. Rev., 1988, 88, 1475 CrossRef CAS.
  71. T. L. Ho, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases Principle in Organic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1977 Search PubMed.
Click here to see how this site uses Cookies. View our privacy policy here.