Wearable microdialysis system for continuous in vivo monitoring of glucose

Abstract

We developed a new system to monitor glucose continuously in vivo. The miniaturised system is very easy to handle and was optimised to a resource-saving working modus. Sampling was performed by means of a biocompatible microdialysis needle probe inserted into the subcutaneous tissue. During glucose tolerance tests the results of our monitoring system were correlated with the glucose level of the venous blood stream. A comparison according to the procedure known as ‘error grid analysis’ provided an excellent correlation between the two completely independent analyses systems with the reference determination results. All values obtained with our systems were clinically correct or at least clinically acceptable.

References

1. T. Laurell, J. Med. Eng. Techn., 1992, 16, 187.
2. A. J. M. Schoonen, F. J. Schmidt, H. Hasper, D. A. Verbrugge, R. G. Tiessen and C. F. Lerk, Biosens. Bioelectron., 1990, 5, 37.
3. A. L. Aalders, F. J. Schmidt, A. J. M. Schoonen, I. R. Broek, A. G. F. M. Maessen and H. Doorenbos, Intern. J. Artif. Organ., 1991, 14, 102.
4. E. Dempsey, D. Diamond, M. R. Smyth, M. A. Malone, K. Rabenstein, A. McShane, M. McKenna, T. V. Keaveney and R. Freaney, Analyst, 1997, 122, 185.
5. H. Langemann, A. Mendelowitsch, H. Landolt, B. Alessandri and O. Gratzl, Clin. Neurolog. Neurosurg., 1995, 97, 149.
6. U. Ungerstedt, J. Internal Med., 1991, 230, 365.
7. C. Meyerhoff, F. Bischof, F. Sternberg, H. Zier and E. F. Pfeiffer, Diabetologia, 1992, 35, 1087.
8. W. Kerner, M. Kiwit, K. Thomas, B. Linke and L. Hua, Diabetes, 1995, 44, 69A.
9. R. Steinkuhl, H. Hinkers, C. Dumschat, M. Knoll and K. Cammann, Horm. Metab. Res., 1994, 26, 531.
10. M. Knoll, German Patent No. DE 4115414A1, 1991.
11. N. Conrath, N. Czupor, R. Steinkuhl, C. Sundermeier, D. Trau, M. Wittkampf, H. Hinkers, M. Meusel, G. Chemnitius, M. Knoll, F. Spener and K. Cammann, Transducers '97, International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Digest of Technical Papers, Chicago, June 16–19 1997, 1997, p. 481.
12. R. Steinkuhl, C. Sundermeier, H. Hinkers, C. Dumschat, K. Cammann and M. Knoll, Sens. Actuators, 1996, B33, 19.
13. U. Fischer, Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. Suppl., 1995, 104, 21.
14. T. Kondo, K. Ito, K. Ohkura, K. Ito and S. Ikeda, Diabetes Care, 1982, 5, 218.
15. E. Ohashi and I. Karube, J. Biotechnol., 1995, 40, 13.
16. T. Von Woedtke, W. Juelich, P. Abel, U. Fischer and A. Kramer, Biomed. Techn. Suppl., 1994, 39, 109.
17. F. Spener, R. Steinkuhl, C. Dumschat, H. Hinkers, K. Cammann and M. Knoll, Carbohydr. Bioeng., 1995, 49.
18. R. Steinkuhl, C. Dumschat, C. Sundermeier, H. Hinkers, R. Renneberg, K. Cammann and M. Knoll, Biosens. Bioelectron., 1996, 11, 187.
19. P. Arner and J. Bolinder, J. Internal Med., 1991, 230, 381.
20. E. F. Pfeiffer, Horm. Metab. Res., 1994, 26, 510.
21. D. Moscone and M. Mascini, Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris), 1992, 50, 323.
22. W. L. Clark, D. Cox, L. A. Gonder-Frederick, W. Carter and S. L. Pohl, Diabetes Care, 1987, 10, 622.
23. G. Jobst, I. Moser, M. Varahram, P. Svasek, E. Aschauer, Z. Trajanoski, P. Wach, P. Kotanko, F. Skrabal and G. Urban, Anal. Chem., 1996, 68, 3173.
24. U. Fischer, K. Rebrin, T. v. Woedtke and P. Abel, Horm. Metab. Res., 1994, 26, 515.