On-line sample pre-treatment systems interfaced to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry†

(Note: The full text of this document is currently only available in the PDF Version )

José Luis Burguera and Marcela Burguera


Abstract

Atomic spectrometric techniques working with a continuous supply of sample, such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, are well suited for on-line connection through flow injection arrangements. For the determination of elements at lower concentrations, electrothermal atomization is often needed owing to the requirement for better detection limits. However, connecting a batch technique such as electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry to a continuous flow or a flow injection system presents some fundamental difficulties, making it a real challenge for the analytical chemist to design suitable interfaces. There are different ways of interfacing the systems to each other; the available versions utilize either on-line sample treatment with off-line measurement or are completely on-line arrangements. Complex samples cannot be directly processed by this technique owing to severe matrix interferences, which have not been minimized despite the development of efficient background correction devices. Successful matrix separation can be achieved on-line through solvent and sorbent extraction, precipitation and coprecipitation, volatile compound generation and liquid chromatography. Moreover, transformation of the sample and/or its fractions into a form that can be analyzed in a graphite furnace often requires unpleasant, tedious and time-consuming digestion procedures. Microwave heating has emerged as a means of dramatically improving leaching, mineralization or digestion processes and has frequently been used with in-batch or on-line systems. This paper outlines the most recent advances in the development of flow injection–graphite furnace interfaces and also describes the on-line sample pre-treatment systems developed so far for electrothermal atomic absorption detection.


References

  1. N. W. Alcock, Anal. Chem., 1995, 67, 503R CAS.
  2. J. S. Crain and J. T. Kiely, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1996, 11, 5251 Search PubMed.
  3. M. J. Bloxham, S. J. Hill and P. J. Worsfold, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1994, 9, 935 RSC.
  4. A. Sanz-Medel, Analyst, 1995, 120, 799 RSC.
  5. A. Tangen, R. Trones, T. Greibrokk and W. Lund, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, 12, 667 RSC.
  6. A. Taylor, S. Branch, H. M. Crews, D. J. Halls, L. M. Owen and M. White, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, 12, 119R Search PubMed.
  7. J. L. Burguera and M. Burguera, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, 12, 643 RSC.
  8. Z. Fang, Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Wiley, Chichester, 1995 Search PubMed.
  9. M. Valcárcel and M. D. Luque de Castro, Automatic Methods of Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988 Search PubMed.
  10. Automation in the Laboratory, ed. Hurst, W. J., VCH, New York, 1995 Search PubMed.
  11. P. B. Stockwell and W. T. Corns, Automatic Chemical Analysis, Taylor & Francis, London, 1996 Search PubMed.
  12. H. M. Kingston and S. J. Haswell, Microwave Enhanced Chemistry, ACS, London, 1997 Search PubMed.
  13. J. Dêdina and D. Tsalev, in Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Chemical Analysis, a Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and its Application, ed. Winefordner, J. D., and Kolthoff, I. M., Wiley, New York, 1995, vol. 130 Search PubMed.
  14. W. Slavin, Trace Element Analysis in Biological Specimens, ed. Herber, R. F. M., and Stoeppler, M., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994, ch. 3 Search PubMed.
  15. Z. Fang, S.-k. Xu and G. Tao, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1996, 11, 1 RSC.
  16. Z.-l. Zhi, A. Ríos and M. Valcárcel, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 1996, 26, 239 Search PubMed.
  17. H. Matusiewicz and R. E. Sturgeon, Prog. Anal. Spectrosc., 1989, 12, 21 Search PubMed.
  18. M. Burguera and J. L. Burguera, Quim. Anal., 1995, 15, 112 Search PubMed.
  19. F. E. Smith and E. A. Arsenault, Talanta, 1996, 43, 1207 CrossRef CAS.
  20. M. Burguera and J. L. Burguera, Anal. Chim. Acta, in the press Search PubMed.
  21. H. Matusiewicz and R. E. Sturgeon, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 377 CrossRef.
  22. A. Zlotorzynski, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 1995, 25, 43 Search PubMed.
  23. K. S. Subramanian, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 291 CrossRef.
  24. R. Chakraborti, A. K. Das, M. L. Cervera and M. de la Guardia, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1996, 355, 99 CAS.
  25. F. Laborda, M. V. Vicente, J. M. Mir and J. R. Castillo, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 357, 837 CrossRef CAS.
  26. M. A. Z. Arruda, M. Gallego and M. Valcárcel, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 501 RSC.
  27. K. Bäckström, L. G. Danielsson and L. Nord, Analyst, 1984, 109, 323 RSC.
  28. F. E. Brinckman, W. R. Blair, K. L. Jewett and W. P. Iverson, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1977, 15, 493 CAS.
  29. F. E. Brinckman, K. L. Jewett, W. P. Iverson, K. J. Irgolik, K. C. Ehrhardt and R. A. Stockton, J. Chromatogr., 1980, 191, 31 CrossRef CAS.
  30. E. J. Parks, F. E. Brinckman and W. R. Blair, J. Chromatogr., 1979, 185, 563 CrossRef CAS.
  31. J. J. Sotera, L. C. Christiano, M. K. Conley and L. H. Kahn, Anal. Chem., 1983, 55, 208.
  32. R. Pinel, M. Z. Benabdallah and C. Guihal, Anal. Instrum., 1987, 16, 275 Search PubMed.
  33. P. C. Bank, M. T. C. de Loos-Vollebregt and L. de Galan, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1989, 44, 571 CrossRef.
  34. C. Bendicho, Anal. Chem., 1994, 66, 4375 CrossRef CAS.
  35. H. Berndt and G. Schaldach, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1994, 9, 39 RSC.
  36. K. Bäckström and L. G. Danielsson, Anal. Chem., 1988, 60, 1354 CrossRef.
  37. K. Bäckström and L. G. Danielsson, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1990, 232, 301 CrossRef.
  38. M. Sperling, X.-p. Yan and B. Welz, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 1891 CrossRef.
  39. B. Welz, M. Sperling and X.-j. Sun, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1993, 346, 550 CrossRef CAS.
  40. Z. Fang, M. Sperling and B. Welz, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1990, 5, 639 RSC.
  41. M. Sperling, X. Yin and B. Welz, Analyst, 1992, 117, 629 RSC.
  42. M. Sperling, X. Yin and B. Welz, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1991, 46, 1789 CrossRef.
  43. M. Berglund, W. Frech, D. C. Baxter and B. Radziuk, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1993, 48, 1381 CrossRef.
  44. S.-k. Xu, M. Sperling and B. Welz, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 344, 535 CrossRef.
  45. S. Nielsen and E. H. Hansen, Anal. Chim. Acta, in the press Search PubMed.
  46. L. C. Azeredo, R. E. Sturgeon and A. J. Curtius, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1993, 48, 91 CrossRef.
  47. F. M. Fernández, J. D. Stripeikis, M. B. Tudino and O. Troccoli, Analyst, 1997, 122, 679 RSC.
  48. J. L. Burguera, M. Burguera, C. Rivas, P. Carrero, M. Gallignani and M. R. Brunetto, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 479 RSC.
  49. P. C. Bank, M. T. C. de Loos-Vollebregt and L. de Galan, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1988, 43, 983 CrossRef.
  50. H. Chen, S.-k. Xu and Z. Fang, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 298, 167 CrossRef CAS.
  51. Z. Fang, S.-k. Xu, L. Dong and W. Li, Talanta, 1994, 41, 2165 CrossRef CAS.
  52. A. I. Castillo and D. A. Segar, Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, Canada, CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, 1975, vol. 1, 1-183-204 Search PubMed.
  53. T. M. Vickrey, M. S. Buren and H. E. Howell, Anal. Lett., 1978, A11, 1075 CAS.
  54. S. J. Haswell, R. A. Stockton, K. C. C. Bankroft, P. O'Neill, A. Rahman and K. J. Irgolic, J. Autom. Chem., 1987, 9, 6 Search PubMed.
  55. J. L. Burguera and M. Burguera, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1993, 8, 235 RSC.
  56. M. Burguera and J. L. Burguera, Lab. Robot. Autom., 1993, 5, 1.
  57. M. Burguera, J. L. Burguera, C. Rondón, C. Rivas, P. Carrero, M. Gallignani and M. R. Brunetto, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 343 RSC.
  58. J. L. Burguera, M. Burguera, P. Carrero, C. Rivas, M. Gallignani and M. R. Brunetto, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, 308, 349 CrossRef CAS.
  59. J. L. Burguera, M. Burguera and C. Rondón, Anal. Chim. Acta, in the press Search PubMed.
  60. W. De Jonghe, D. Chakraborty and F. Adams, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1980, 115, 89 CrossRef CAS.
  61. W. R. Blair and F. E. Brinckman, Anal. Chem., 1977, 49, 378 CrossRef.
  62. J. Dêdina, W. Frech, E. Lundberg and A. Cedergren, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1989, 4, 143 RSC.
  63. P. Bermejo-Barrera, J. Moreda-Piñeiro, A. Moreda-Piñeiro and A. Bermejo-Barrera, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, 12, 317 RSC.
  64. S. H. Lee, K. Jung and D. S. Lee, Talanta, 1989, 36, 999 CrossRef CAS.
  65. Z. Hladký, J. Rišová and M. Fišera, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1990, 5, 691 RSC.
  66. H. W. Sinemus, H. H. Stabel, B. Radziuk and J. Kleiner, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1993, 48, 643 CrossRef.
  67. D. C. Baxter and W. Frech, Anal. Chim. Acta, Part B, 1989, 225, 175 Search PubMed.
  68. D. C. Baxter, R. Nichol and D. Littlejohn, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1992, 47, 1155 CrossRef.
  69. X. Yan, Z. Ni and Q. Guo, Anal. Chim. Acta, Part B, 1993, 272, 105 Search PubMed.
  70. H. W. Sinemus, H. H. Stabel, B. Radziuk and J. Kleiner, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1993, 48, 1719 CrossRef.
  71. K. Dittrich, T. Franz and R. Wennrich, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1994, 49, 1695 CrossRef.
  72. S. Garbos, M. Walcerz, E. Bulska and A. Hulanicki, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1995, 50, 1669 CrossRef.
  73. H. O. Haug and Y.-p. Liao, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1996, 356, 435 CAS.
  74. H. O. Haug, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 1425 CrossRef.
  75. H. O. Haug and L. Yiping, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 1069 RSC.
  76. I. L. Shuttler, M. Feuerstein and G. Schlemmer, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1992, 7, 1299 RSC.
  77. D. Erber, J. Bettmer and K. Cammann, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1994, 349, 738 CrossRef CAS.
  78. R. E. Sturgeon, S. N. Willie, G. Y. Sproule, P. T. Robinson and S. S. Berman, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1989, 44, 667 CrossRef.
  79. Z. Li, S. McIntosh, G. R. Carnrick and W. Slavin, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1992, 47, 701 CrossRef.
  80. G. Tao and Z. Fang, Talanta, 1995, 42, 375 CrossRef CAS.
  81. H. W. Sinemus, J. Kleiner, H. H. Stabel and B. Radziuk, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1992, 7, 433 RSC.
  82. M. Burguera and J. L. Burguera, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1993, 8, 229 RSC.
  83. G. Tao and Z. Fang, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1993, 8, 577 RSC.
  84. R. E. Sturgeon, S. N. Willie, B. A. Methven, J. W. H. Lam and H. Matusiewicz, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 981 RSC.
  85. B. Hilligsoe, J. E. T. Andersen and E. Hansen, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, 12, 585 RSC.
  86. D. Tsalev, A. D'Ulivo, L. Lampugnani, M. Di Marco and R. Zamboni, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1996, 11, 979 RSC.
  87. G. Tao and Z. Fang, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1995, 50, 1747 CrossRef.
  88. E. Beinrohr, M. Cakrt, M. Rapta and P. Tarapci, Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem., 1989, 335, 1005 CrossRef CAS.
  89. V. Porta, O. Abollino, E. Mentasti and C. Sarzanini, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1991, 6, 119 RSC.
  90. Y. H. Sung, Z. S. Liu and S. D. Huang, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, 12, 841 RSC.
  91. X. P. Yan and F. Adams, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, 12, 459 RSC.
  92. J. L. Burguera, M. Burguera, P. Carrero, J. Marcano, C. Rivas and M. R. Brunetto, J. Autom. Chem., 1995, 17, 25 Search PubMed.
  93. I. Kubrakova, T. Kudinova, A. Formanovsky, N. Kuz'min, G. Tsysin and Y. Zolotov, Analyst, 1994, 119, 2477 RSC.
  94. T. M. Vickrey, H. E. Howell and M. T. Paradise, Anal. Chem., 1979, 51, 1880 CrossRef CAS.
  95. K. L. Jewett and F. E. Brinckman, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1981, 19, 583 CAS.
  96. D. Chakraborty, D. C. J. Hillman, K. J. Irgolic and R. A. Zingaro, J. Chromatogr., 1982, 249, 81 CrossRef CAS.
  97. I. López, G. P. Viñas and M. Hernández, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1992, 7, 529 RSC.
  98. L. Nord and B. Karlberg, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1983, 145, 151 CrossRef CAS.
Click here to see how this site uses Cookies. View our privacy policy here.