Development and characterization of an integrated on-capillary tubular electrode for capillary electrophoresis/electrochemistry

Abstract

An integrated on-capillary electrochemical detector for capillary electrophoresis is described. It consists of a gold tube permanently fixed onto the end of a capillary. This detector configuration eliminates the need for micromanipulators for electrode alignment. The large surface area of the gold tubular electrode results in better sensitivity for PAD detection than is attainable with a gold wire electrode. Application of this detector to the determination of glucose in serum by CE–PAD is described.

References

1. L. A. Holland and S. M. Lunte, Anal. Commun., 1998, 35, 1H.
2. P. D. Voegel and R. P. Baldwin, Electrophoresis, 1997, 18, 2267.
3. A. G. Ewing, J. M. Mesaros and P. F. Gavin, Anal. Chem., 1994, 66, 527A.
4. T. J. O'Shea, in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis, ed. Lunte, S. M., and Radzik, D. M., Elsevier Science, Oxford, New York, 1996, pp. 279–306.
5. P. L. Weber, T. Kornfelt, N. K. Klausen and S. M. Lunte, Anal. Biochem., 1995, 225, 1.
6. T. J. O'Shea, P. L. Weber, B. P. Bammel, C. E. Lunte and S. M. Lunte, J. Chromatogr., 1992, 608, 189.
7. M. A. Malone, H. Zuo, S. M. Lunte and M. R. Smyth, J. Chromatogr. A, 1995, 700, 73.
8. M. E. Hadwiger, S. R. Torchia, S. Park, M. E. Biggin and C. E. Lunte, J. Chromatogr. B, Biomed. Appl., 1996, 681, 241.
9. S. M. Lunte, and C. E. Lunte, in Advances in Chromatography, ed. Brown, P. R., and Grushka, E., Dekker, New York, 1995, vol. 36, pp. 383–432.
10. A. G. Ewing, J. Neurosci. Meth., 1993, 48, 215.
11. G. Chen and A. G. Ewing, Crit. Rev. Neurobiol., 1997, 11, 753.
12. S. Sloss, and A. G. Ewing, in Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis, ed. Landers, J. P., CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, pp. 391–417.
13. J. Ye and R. P. Baldwin, J. Chromatogr A, 1994, 687, 141.
14. T. J. O'Shea, S. M. Lunte and W. R. LaCourse, Anal Chem., 1993, 65, 948.
15. T. J. O'Shea and S. M. Lunte, Anal. Chem., 1993, 65, 247.
16. W. Lu, R. M. Cassidy and A. S. Baranski, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 640, 433.
17. M. Zhong and S. M. Lunte, Anal. Chem., 1996, 68, 2488.
18. P. D. Voegel, W. Zhou and R. P. Baldwin, Anal. Chem., 1997, 69, 951.
19. A. J. Tudös, M. M. C. Van Dyck, H. Poppe and W. Th. Kok, Chromatographia, 1993, 37, 79.
20. W. G. Kuhr, US Patent 5,244,560, 1993.
21. Y. Guo, L. A. Colon, R. Dadoo and R. N. Zare, Electrophoresis, 1995, 16, 493.
22. M-C. Chen and H-J. Huang, Anal. Chem., 1995, 67, 4010.
23. T. J. O'Shea, R. D. Greenhagen, S. M. Lunte, C. E. Lunte, M. R. Smyth, D. M. Radzik and N. Watanabe, J. Chromatogr., 1992, 593, 305.
24. M. C. Linhares and P. T. Kissinger, Anal. Chem., 1991, 63, 2076.
25. D. C. Johnson and W. R. LaCourse, Anal. Chem., 1990, 62, 589A.
26. W. R. LaCourse and D. C. Johnson, Carbohydr. Res., 1991, 215, 159.
27. D. C. Johnson and W. R. LaCourse, Electroanalysis, 1992, 4, 367.
28. A. Paulus and A. Klockow, J. Chromatogr., 1996, 720, 353.
29. G. S. Owens and W. R. LaCourse, J. Chromatogr. B, 1997, 695, 215–225.
30. W. R. LaCourse, Pulsed Electrochemical Detection in High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Wiley, New York, 1997.
31. The Merck Manual, 15th edn., ed. Berkow, R., Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, 1987, p. 2413.