Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Lead and Tin in Slurries. Optimization Study

Abstract

A comparative study of the efficiencies of W, Mg, Mg + Pd, Ir + Mg and Ir + W + PO₄^3- as chemical modifiers for the thermal stabilization of Pb and Sn in slurries was performed. The Ir + Mg modifier contributes more than the others to minimizing matrix effects and preventing double peak formation. The influences of slurry concentration, amount of modifier and pyrolysis step on the integrated absorbance signals for Pb and Sn in sediment slurry were studied. The potential of fractional factorial design was explored to evaluate the effect on the absorbance signals of different factors such as drying and pyrolysis times, pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, presence of modifier and incorporation of a ‘cool-down’ step in the electrothermal program. The Pb and Sn integrated absorbance signals are increased by lower and higher pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, respectively. The Ir + Mg modifier also increases the absorbance signal for Sn. The use of an Ir + Mg modifier and ultrasonic agitation in the direct introduction of slurries into the graphite atomizer provides a consistent performance with good sensitivity, precision and analytical recovery.

References

1. M. Hoenig and A.-M. De Kersabiec, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 1297.
2. C. Bendicho and M. T. C. de Loos-Vollebregt, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1991, 6, 353.
3. C. Bendicho and M. T. C. de Loos-Vollebregt, Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 1990, 45, 679.
4. J. A. Holcombe and V. Majidi, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1989, 4, 423.
5. M. Hoenig and A. Cilissen, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1993, 48B, 1303.
6. N. J. Miller-Ihli, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1989, 4, 295.
7. N. J. Miller-Ihli, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1994, 9, 1129.
8. M. Hoenig and P. Van Hoeyweghen, Anal. Chem., 1986, 58, 2614.
9. D. Littlejohn, S. C. Stephen and J. M. Ottaway, presented at SAC'86/IIIrd BNASS, Bristol, UK, July 1986, Poster PF13.
10. P. Bermejo-Barrera, M. Aboal-Somoza, R. Soto-Ferreiro and R. Dominguez-Gonzalez, Analyst, 1993, 118, 665.
11. N. J. Miller-Ihli, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1995, 50, 477.
12. I. L. Garcia, J. A. Cortez and M. H. Cordoba, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1993, 283, 167.
13. P. Vinas, N. Campillo, I. L. Garcia and M. Hernandez-Cordoba, Talanta, 1995, 42, 527.
14. D. J. Halls, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 169.
15. C. Cabrera, M. L. Lorenzo and M. C. Lopez, J. AOAC Int., 1995, 78, 1061.
16. M. Hernandez-Cordoba and I. Lopez-Garcia, Talanta, 1991, 38, 1247.
17. X.-Q. Shan and B. Wen, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 791.
18. P. Bermejo-Barrera, M. C. Barciela-Alonso, J. Moreda-Pineiro, C. Gonzalez-Sixto and A. Bermejo-Barrera, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 1235.
19. P. Vinas, N. Campillo, I. L. Garcia and M. Hernandez-Cordoba, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1994, 349, 306.
20. M. Hoenig, Analusis, 1991, 19, 41.
21. V. I. Slaveykova and D. L. Tsalev, Anal. Lett., 1990, 23, 1921.
22. D. L. Tsalev, V. I. Slaveykova and R. B. Georgieva, Anal. Lett., 1996, 29, 73.
23. D. L. Tsalev, V. I. Slaveykova and P. B. Mandjukov, Spectrochim. Acta Rev., 1990, 13, 225.
24. D. L. Tsalev, A. D'Ulivo, L. Lampugnani, M. Di Marco and R. Zamboni, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 1003.
25. C. J. Rademeyer, B. Radziuk, N. Romanova, N. P. Skaugset, A. Skogstad and Y. Thomassen, J. Anal. At. Spectrom, 1995, 10, 739.
26. H. Qiao and K. Jackson, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1991, 46, 1841.
27. D. M. Hughes, C. L. Chakrabarti, D. M. Goltz, R. E. Sturgeon and D. C. Gregoire, Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 1995, 50, 715.
28. D. M. Hughes, C. L. Chaktabarti, M. M. Lamoureux, J. C. Hutton, D. M. Goltz, R. E. Sturgeon, D. C. Gregoire and A. K. Gilmutdinov, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 973.
29. A. Anselmi, P. Tittarelli, C. Biffui and V. Kmetov, Riv. Combust., 1994, 48, 53.
30. S. Deming and S. Morgan, Experimental Design: a Chemometric Approach, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987.
31. P. W. Araujo, C. V. Gomez, E. Marcano and Z. Benzo, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 1995, 351, 204.
32. H. Qiao and K. Jackson, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1992, 47, 1267.