Redox-responsive crown ethers containing a direct link between the ferrocene redox-active centre and a benzo-crown ether. Crystal structures of a ferrocene benzo-15-crown-5 ligand and of its sodium complex

Abstract

New redox-active crown ethers, 15-ferrocenyl-2,3,5,6,8,9,11,12-octahydro-1,4,7,10,13-benzopentaoxacyclopentadecine (L¹) and N-(4-ferrocenylphenyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (L²), containing a direct link between the ferrocene redox centre and respectively benzo-15-crown-5 and N-phenylaza-15-crown-5, have been prepared. The sodium cation forms 1 : 1 stoicheiometric complexes with both ionophores whereas the larger potassium cation produces 1 : 2 intermolecular sandwich complexes with the same ligands, which were also observed by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry. Single-crystal X-ray structures of L¹ and of its sodium complex [NaL¹]PF₆ have also been determined. Electrochemical investigations reveal that the binding of Na⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺ guest cations by L¹ and L² results in shifts of the respective ferrocene–ferrocenium redox couple to more positive potentials. The magnitude of these one-wave anodic shifts is related to the charge: radius ratio of the cationic guest species.