Abstract
The present study investigates the antibacterial activity of a photoactive float fabricated with visible light active N–F–TiO2 for the disinfection of field water widely contaminated with Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria like, Salmonella typhimurium (Gram negative), Escherichia coli (Gram negative), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), Bacillus species (Gram positive), and Pseudomonas species (Gram negative). The antibacterial activity can be attributed to the unique properties of the photocatalyst, which releases reactive oxygen species in aqueous solution, under the illumination of sunlight. N–F–TiO2 nanoparticles efficiently photocatalyse the destruction of all the bacteria present in the contaminated water, giving clean water. The inactivation of bacteria is confirmed by a standard plate count method, MDA, RNA and DNA analysis. The purity of water was further validated by SPC indicating nil counts of bacteria after two days of storing and testing. The photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, BET measurement, SEM, EDX, UV–Vis and PL analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. H. Castillo, A. Bueno, M. A. Pelaez, J. L. Sanchez-Salas, D. D. Dionysiou, E. R. Bandala, Int. J. Chem. React. Eng., 2013, 11.
A. A. Lima, S. R. Moore, M. S. Barboza Jr., A. M. Soares, M. A. Schleupner, R. D. Newman, C. L. Sears, J. P. Nataro, D. P. Fedorko, T. Wuhib, J. B. Schorling, R. L. Guerrant, J. Infect. Dis., 2000, 181, 1643–1651.
D. P. Kunte, T. Y. Yeole, S. A. Chiplonkar, D. R. Ranade, J. Appl. Microbiol., 1997, 84, 138–142.
M. Walkling-Ribeiro, F. Noci, D. A. Cronin, J. G. Lyng, D. J. Morgan, J. Appl. Microbiol., 2009, 106, 241–248.
P. Z. Tong Zhao, M. P. Doyle, J. Food Prot., 2009, 72, 928–936.
S. S. Sophee, R. G. S. V. Prasad, J. V. Srinivas, R. S. L. Aparna, A. R. Phani, J. Green Sci. Technol., 2012, 1, 1–7.
S. Bonetta, S. Bonetta, F. Motta, A. Strini, E. Carraro, AMB Express, 2013, 3, 1–8.
C. Maneerat, Y. Hayata, Int. J. Food Microbiol.y, 2006, 107, 99–103.
P. Amezaga-Madrid, G. V. Nevarez-Moorillon, E. Orrantia-Borunda, M. Miki-Yoshida, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2002, 211, 183–188.
J. A. Ibáñez, M. I. Litter, R. A. Pizarro, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2003, 157, 81–85.
T. Asahara, H. Kosek, T. Tsurumoto, K. Shiraishi, H. Shindo, K. Baba, N. Terasaki, Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 2009, 62, 378–380.
S. Sinha, T. Murugesan, K. Maiti, J. R. Gayen, B. Pal, M. Pal, B. P. Saha, Fitoterapia, 2001, 72, 550–552.
L. K. Adams, D. Y. Lyon, P. J. Alvarez, Water Res., 2006, 40, 3527–3532.
S. Cao, B. Liu, L. Fan, Z. Yue, B. Liu, B. Cao, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2014, 309, 119–127.
K. U. Minchitha, R. Geetha Balakrishna, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2012, 136, 720–728.
L. P. D’Souza, V. Amoli, H. R. Chandan, A. K. Sinha, R. Krishna Pai, G. R. Balakrishna, Sol. Energy, 2015, 116, 25–36.
T. C. McGill, D. A. Collins, Semicond. Sci. Technol., 1993, 8, 1–5.
W. H. Maksym, V. Kovalenko, E. V. Shevchenko, J.-S. Lee, A. P. A. Harald Schwinghammer, D. V. Talapin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 11354–11355.
R. Shwetharani, C. A. N. Fernando, G. R. Balakrishna, RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 39122–39130.
Z. Peining, W. Yongzhi, M. V. Reddy, A. Sreekumaran Nair, P. Shengjie, N. Sharma, V. K. Peterson, B. V. R. Chowdaric, S. Ramakrishna, RSC Adv., 2012, 2, 5123–5126.
M. V. Reddy, S. Adams, G. T. J. Liang, I. F. Mingze, H. Van Tu An, B. V. R. Chowdari, Solid State Ionics, 2014, 262, 120–123.
C. T. Cherian, M. V. Reddy, T. Magdaleno, C.-H. Sow, K. V. Ramanujachary, G. V. S. Rao, B. V. R. Chowdari, CrystEngComm, 2012, 14, 978–986.
M. V. Reddy, N. Sharma, S. Adams, R. P. Rao, V. K. Peterson, B. V. R. Chowdari, RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 29535–29544.
S. G. Kumar, L. G. Devi, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2011, 115, 13211–13241.
H. Choi, M. G. Antoniou, M. Pelaez, A. A. De la Cruz, J. A. Shoemaker, D. D. Dionysiou, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41, 7530–7535.
Y. Wu, M. Xing, B. Tian, J. Zhang, F. Chen, Chem. Eng. J., 2010, 162, 710–717.
R. Asahi, T. Morikawa, T. Ohwaki, K. Aoki, Y. Taga, Science, 2001, 293, 269–271.
Y. Lv, Z. Fu, B. Yang, J. Xu, M. Wu, C. Zhu, Y. Zhao, Mater. Res. Bull., 2011, 46, 361–365.
L. P. D’Souza, S. Shree, G. R. Balakrishna, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2013, 52, 16162–16168.
R. Shwetharani, M. S. Jyothi, P. D. Laveena, R. Geetha Balakrishna, Photochem. Photobiol., 2014, 90, 1099–1107.
B. S. Necula, L. E. Fratila-Apachitei, S. A. Zaat, I. Apachitei, J. Duszczyk, Acta Biomater., 2009, 5, 3573–3580.
T. I. T. Saito, J. Horie, T. Morioka, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1992, 14, 369–379.
O. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, R. J. Randall, J. Biol. Chem., 1951, 193 1, 265–275.
Z. Li, F. Wang, A. Kvit, X. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2015, 119, 4397–4405.
S. Hoang, S. P. Berglund, N. T. Hahn, A. J. Bard, C. B. Mullins, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 3659–3662.
K. Zhao, Z. Wu, R. Tang, Y. Jiang, J. Korean Chem. Soc., 2013, 57, 489–492.
J. M. Wu, M. L. Tang, Nanoscale, 2011, 3, 3915–3922.
J. E. P. Kyung-Hwan Cho, T. Osaka, S.-G. Park, Electrochim. Acta, 2005, 51, 956–960.
P. K. John, C. Ireland, E. W. Rice, A. Robert, M. Clark, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1993, 59, 1668–1670.
Y. P. S. Ai-Ping Zhang, World J. Gastroenterol., 2004, 10 21, 3191–3193.
J. Baudart, P. Lebaron, J. Appl. Microbiol., 2010, 109, 1253–1264.
S. Tavernier, T. Coenye, PeerJ, 2015, 3, e787.
S. S. Pin-Ching Maness, D. M. Blake, Z. Huang, A. W. A. J. Edward, J. Wolfrum, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1999, 65, 4094–4098.
R. Shwetharani, R. Geetha Balakrishna, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 2014, 295, 11–16.
C. D. Jaeger, A. J. Bard, J. Phys. Chem., 1979, 83, 3146–3152.
I. Izumi, W. W. Dunn, K. O. Wilbourn, F. F. Ren, A. J. Bard, J. Phys. Chem., 1980, 84 24, 3207–3210.
R. Geetha Balakrishna and K. G. Lakshminarayana Bhatta, Environmental Studies, S. M. Publications, 2013.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shwetharani, R., Balakrishna, R.G. Photo-active float for field water disinfection. Photochem Photobiol Sci 15, 447–455 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5pp00369e
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c5pp00369e