A pH sensitive ratiometric fluorophore and its application for monitoring the intracellular and extracellular pHs simultaneously

Abstract

Intracellular and extracellular pH plays a key role in many cell biological processes. Probes for simultaneously monitoring the pH change inside and outside living cells are rarely available. In this paper, we describe a new ratiometric pH fluorophore that was synthesized by condensation of 4-bromine-1,8-naphthalimides and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. In the range of pH 5–8, the only N–H in the heterocycle-fused aromatic ring system of this fluorophore undergoes a reversible deprotonation–protonation process, which results in a large red shift of the absorption and emission spectra. In aqueous solution, this fluorophore exhibits good pH selectivity, high photostability, high tolerance to ionic strength, and high fluorescence quantum yield in both the acid and base forms. A long chain derivative of this fluorophore (HNNA) was designed for cellular pH sensing. HNNA was found to locate on the membrane structure of the cells, and was successfully used for mapping the pH change in both the extracellular microenvironment and the inner cells by confocal imaging.