Recent progress in flexible non-lithium based rechargeable batteries

Abstract

Flexible non-lithium (Na⁺, K⁺, Zn²⁺, and Al³⁺) based rechargeable batteries are promising power sources in the emerging field of flexible and wearable electronic devices due to their low cost and wide availability. In this review, we mainly summarized the latest contributions and progress in non-lithium based secondary batteries. Initially, a brief introduction to the structural superiority and working mechanisms of non-lithium based rechargeable batteries is provided. Then, smart design and rational construction of flexible electrodes involved in non-lithium ion batteries, including various flexible substrates and inorganic/organic/metal–organic framework based cathode and anode materials, were elaborately discussed and evaluated. Besides, electrolytes, especially the solid-state electrolytes and separators for flexible batteries were further comprehensively discussed, along with the design and packaging of flexible full batteries. Finally, the future trends, challenges and prospects are proposed for advanced flexible non-lithium based rechargeable batteries.