Heteroatom-doped electrodes for all-vanadium redox flow batteries with ultralong lifespan†
Abstract
The phosphorus and fluorine codoped graphite felt electrodes with prominent hydrophilicity present excellent electroactivity towards V2+/V3+ and VO2+/VO2+, elevate the discharging ability up to 250 mA cm−2 and dramatically extend the energy efficiency of vanadium redox flow batteries towards 1000 cycles with 0.003% reduction per cycle.