Degradable polymer prodrugs with adjustable activity from drug-initiated radical ring-opening copolymerization

Abstract

Degradable polymer prodrugs based on gemcitabine (Gem) as an anticancer drug were synthesized by ‘drug-initiated’ nitroxide-mediated radical ring-opening copolymerization (NMrROP) of methacrylic esters and 2-methylene-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane (MPDL). Different structural parameters were varied to determine the best biological performances: the nature of the monomer [i.e., oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA) or methyl methacrylate (MMA)], the nature of the Gem-polymer linker (i.e., amide or amide and diglycolate) and the MPDL content in the copolymer. Depending on the nature of the methacrylate monomer, two small libraries of water-soluble copolymer prodrugs and nanoparticles were obtained (M_n ∼10 000 g mol⁻¹, Đ = 1.1–1.5), which exhibited tunable hydrolytic degradation under accelerated conditions governed by the MPDL content. Drug-release profiles in human serum and in vitro anticancer activity on different cell lines enabled preliminary structure–activity relationships to be established. The cytotoxicity was independently governed by: (i) the MPDL content – the lower the MPDL content, the greater the cytotoxicity; (ii) the nature of the linker – the presence of a labile diglycolate linker enabled a greater Gem release compared to a simple amide bond and (iii) the hydrophilicity of the methacrylate monomer–OEGMA enabled a greater anticancer activity to be obtained compared to MMA-based polymer prodrugs. Remarkably, the optimal structural parameters enabled reaching the cytotoxic activity of the parent (free) drug.