Bifunctional Cr3+ modified ion exchange resins as efficient reusable catalysts for the production and isolation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose

Abstract

Cr³⁺ modified readily available cation exchange resins were prepared and explored as heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts for the dehydration of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in tetraethyl ammonium bromide (TEAB)/water as reaction medium. Excellent HMF isolated yields of up to 70% were achieved using simple crystallization of the reaction medium (TEAB) from ethyl acetate/ethanol which allowed the isolation of HMF in high purity. The best identified catalyst (Amberlyst 15/Cr³⁺) exhibited high activity over 4 cycles. The loss of activity was attributed to the decreased number of acidic sites of the catalyst, thus a simple treatment of the catalyst with 10% HCl efficiently restored its activity in the following cycles.