Fast diffusion supercapacitors via an ultra-high pore volume of crumpled 3D structure reduced graphene oxide activation

Abstract

In order to obtain a high performance supercapacitor, there are several factors that must be achieved including a high specific surface area (SSA), high electrical conductivity, and a high diffusion rate of the electrolyte due to an appropriate pore volume. Herein, we report a high performance supercapacitor using activated non-stacked reduced graphene oxide (a-NSrGO) that has a high SSA (up to 999.75 m² g⁻¹) with intrinsic high graphene conductivity (1202 S m⁻¹) and fast diffusion of the electrolyte. Due to a high total pore volume (5.03 cm³ g⁻¹) and a wide pore size distribution from macro- to micropores (main pore width: 0.61 – 0.71 nm) in the a-NSrGO sheets, the as-prepared a-NSrGO electrode shows high specific capacitance (105.26 F g⁻¹) and a short relaxation time (τ₀ = 1.5 s) in a propylene carbonate (PC)-based organic electrolyte. A maximum energy density of 91.13 W h kg⁻¹ and a power density of 66 684.73 W kg⁻¹ were estimated in a fully packaged coin cell. The high performance of the a-NSrGO supercapacitors is attributed to their specific appearance and enlarged pore distribution with high SSA.