Binding of monovalent metal cations by the p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene: experimental evidence for cation–π interactions in water

Abstract

Gibbs free energies, enthalpies and entropies for the binding of Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, Ag⁺, Tl⁺ and NH₄⁺ by the p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene in water are determined by microcalorimetry. Whereas no significant heat effect is detected with Na⁺ or Ag⁺, suggesting that these cations are not complexed, weak but selective binding is observed with the other cations. The whole set of thermodynamic parameters, which demonstrate that the cations bind inside the cavity of the calixarene, evidence the importance of the cation–π interactions for these complexes in water.