Visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of fluoroquinolone levofloxacin drug using Ag2O/TiO2 quantum dots: a mechanistic study and degradation pathway

Abstract

Herein, we report the facile synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic degradation application of Ag₂O/TiO₂ quantum dots (QDs). The QDs were synthesized via a pH-mediated precipitation method and characterized in detail in terms of their morphological, compositional, structural, optical and photocatalytic properties. Detailed morphological studies confirmed the large scale formation of spherical Ag₂O/TiO₂ quantum dots with typical sizes of 2–9 nm. Surface analysis by XPS clearly revealed the presence of Ag⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ in the form of Ag₂O and TiO₂. Optical properties exhibited an absorption shift towards the visible light region i.e. 506 nm, a wide shift compared to TiO₂ QDs (i.e. 394 nm) in the synthesized Ag₂O/TiO₂ QDs. As a photocatalyst, the synthesized material exhibited remarkable photocatalytic performance towards the degradation of levofloxacin drug under visible light as compared to bare TiO₂. The higher photocatalytic activity was due to electron–hole pair separation which improved the light absorption (λ > 400 nm) and availability of active sites. Interestingly, the major intermediates of levofloxacin degradation were identified and a probable pathway was also proposed. The observed results clearly revealed that simply prepared Ag₂O/TiO₂ QDs could be an excellent candidate for the photocatalytic degradation of various harmful chemicals.