Transition metal vanadium oxides and vanadate materials for lithium batteries

Abstract

Transition metal vanadium oxides and vanadates have been widely investigated as possible active materials for primary and rechargeable lithium batteries. As compared to the classic lithium-insertion compounds such as LiCoO₂, the composite vanadium oxides and vanadates have the prominent advantages of high theoretical capacities owing to multistep reductions and more electron transfer upon lithium intercalation. This short review presents a survey of recent advances made in the application of transition metal vanadium oxides and vanadates. Particularly, the structure, synthesis and electrochemical properties of silver vanadium oxides (e.g., AgVO₃, Ag₂V₄O₁₁ and Ag₄V₂O₆F₂) and copper vanadates (e.g., CuV₂O₆, Cu_2.33V₄O₁₁ and Cu_1.1V₄O₁₁) are discussed, with the illustration of the effect of crystal structure, composition, and morphology on the battery performance. Benefits gained from reducing the particle size have been particularly demonstrated.