The ratio of α- to β-formylated products obtained by the Vilsmeier–Haack reactions with 1-alkyl- and 1-aryl-pyrroles is controlled mainly by steric factors. Electronic effects of 1-(p-substituted aryl) substituents upon the position of formylation of the pyrrole ring are small and are essentially inductive.
C. F. Candy, R. A. Jones and P. H. Wright, J. Chem. Soc. C, 1970, 2563 DOI: 10.1039/J39700002563
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