*
Corresponding authors
a
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA
E-mail:
shaohorn@mit. edu
b
Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA
c
Harvard University Center for the Environment, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
d
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
e
NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
f
Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
g
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
h
Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
i
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA