Gold(i) chloride adducts of 1,3-bis(di-2-pyridylphosphino)propane: synthesis, structural studies and antitumour activity

Abstract

The novel water soluble bidentate phosphine ligand 1,3-bis(di-2-pyridylphosphino)propane (d2pypp) has been synthesized by a convenient route involving treatment of 2-pyridyllithium with Cl₂P(CH₂)₃PCl₂ and isolation in crystalline form as the hydrochloride salt. The synthesis of the precursor Cl₂P(CH₂)₃PCl₂ has been optimized by the use of triphosgene as the chlorinating agent. The 2 : 1 and 1 : 2 AuCl : d2pypp adducts have been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray studies, and shown to be of the form (AuCl)₂(µ-d2pypp-P,P′) and [Au(d2pypp-P,P′)₂]Cl(·3.75H₂O), respectively. The latter is more lipophilic than analogous 1 : 2 adducts of gold(I) chloride with the diphosphine ligands 1,2-bis(di-n-pyridylphosphino)ethane (dnpype) for n = 2, 3 and 4, based on measurement of the n-octanol–water partition coefficient (log P = −0.46). A single crystal structure determination of the 1 : 2 Au(I) complex of the 3-pyridyl ethane ligand shows it to be of the form [Au(d3pype-P,P′)₂]Cl·5H₂O. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of [Au(d2pypp)₂]Cl was assessed in human normal and cancer breast cells and selective toxicity to the cancer cells found. The significance of these results to the antitumour properties of chelated 1 : 2 Au(I) diphosphine complexes is discussed.