Nanostructured Ni–Cu electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction

Abstract

Ni-Based materials are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for water splitting in alkaline media. We report the synthesis and OER electrocatalysis of both Ni–Cu nanoparticles (20–50 nm in diameter) and Ni–Cu nanoclusters (<20 metal atoms). Analysis of mass spectral data from matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization techniques demonstrates that discrete heterobimetallic Ni–Cu nanoclusters capped with glutathione ligands were successfully synthesized. Ni–Cu nanoclusters with a 52 : 48 mol% Ni : Cu metal composition display an OER onset overpotential of 50 mV and an overpotential of 150 mV at 10 mA cm⁻², which makes this catalyst one of the most efficient nonprecious metal OER catalysts. The durability of the nanocluster catalysts on carbon electrodes can be extended by appending them to electrodes modified with TiO₂ nanoparticles. Infrared spectroscopy results indicate that the aggregation dynamics of the glutathione ligands change during catalysis. Taken together, these results help explain the reactivity of a novel class of nanostructured Ni–Cu OER catalysts, which are underexplored alternatives to more commonly studied Ni–Fe, Ni–Co, and Ni–Mn materials.