Issue 9, 2016

Template-free synthesis of porous carbonaceous solid acids with controllable acid sites and their excellent activity for catalyzing the synthesis of biofuels and fine chemicals

Abstract

N rich porous carbon based solid acids (NPC-[CxN][X]) have been successfully synthesized by treatment of N rich porous carbon (NPC) with various quaternary ammoniation reagents such as iodomethane, 1,3-propane sultone, and 1,4-butanesultone, and ion exchange with various strong acids such as HSO3CF3, H2SO4, H3PW12O40, HBF4etc. The NPC support was synthesized by carbonization of KOH-activated polypyrrole without using additional templates. Various characterizations showed that NPC-[CxN][X] possesses abundant nanopores, large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas, good stability, and strong and controllable acid sites with Brønsted characteristics. The immobilized acidic groups were homogeneously dispersed into NPC-[CxN][X]. Notably, NPC-[CxN][X] acted as efficient, reusable and generalized solid acids, which showed excellent activity in various acid-catalyzed reactions such as esterification and transesterification in the synthesis of biodiesel, dehydration of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, depolymerization of crystalline cellulose into sugars, and condensation of phenol with acetone in the synthesis of bisphenol A, much higher than that of various solid acids such as Amberlyst 15, H-ZSM-5, H-USY, and sulfonic group functionalized ordered mesoporous silicas. The preparation of NPC-[CxN][X] leads to the development of porous carbon based solid acids with controllable structural characteristics and excellent catalytic activity.

Graphical abstract: Template-free synthesis of porous carbonaceous solid acids with controllable acid sites and their excellent activity for catalyzing the synthesis of biofuels and fine chemicals

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
31 Jul 2015
Accepted
18 Nov 2015
First published
19 Nov 2015

Catal. Sci. Technol., 2016,6, 2995-3007

Author version available

Template-free synthesis of porous carbonaceous solid acids with controllable acid sites and their excellent activity for catalyzing the synthesis of biofuels and fine chemicals

F. Liu, B. Li, C. Liu, W. Kong, X. Yi, A. Zheng and C. Qi, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2016, 6, 2995 DOI: 10.1039/C5CY01226K

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