Beware of phosphate: evidence of specific dendrimer–phosphate interactions

Abstract

Dendrimers are extensively studied for drug delivery and catalysis, most of which are pH dependent. Phosphate buffer solutions (PBSs) are often used to adjust the pH. We have found that phosphate ions become incorporated into poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer molecules by forming H-bonds with tertiary nitrogens. We show that this specific interaction between H₂PO₄⁻ and HPO₄²⁻ ions and generation five PAMAM dendrimers causes a decrease in hydrodynamic size, disturbing the outcome of the size exclusion chromatography analysis. We monitored this interaction by ¹H and ³¹P high resolution NMR, NMR-diffusiometry, pH-potentiometry and infrared spectroscopy. Failing to take into account this effect may lead to incorrect conclusions and misinterpreting interactions of PAMAM dendrimers with drug molecules and subsequently incorrect dosing. The phosphate salts of amino terminated generation five PAMAM dendrimers are stable for years when stored in the dark, even in dilute aqueous solutions, which has important implications for the shelf-life of dendrimer-based drug delivery systems.