Local electronic properties at organic–metal interfaces: thiophene derivatives on Pt(111)

Abstract

The valence electronic states of thiophene (TP), 2-thiophenethiol (TT), 2,2′-bithiophene (BTP), and 2,2′-bithiophene-5-thiol (BTT) on Pt(111) were measured by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and metastable atom electron spectroscopy (MAES) to elucidate how the local electronic properties at the organic–metal interface are altered by the extent of π-conjugation and substituent effects. First-principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT) were used to assign the observed spectra. TP and BTP chemisorb weakly on Pt(111), whereas TT and BTT are strongly bound to Pt(111) through the S atom with the cleavage of the S–H bond, forming a thiolate. In the MAES spectra, weak emission just below the Fermi level (E_F) was attributed to a chemisorption-induced gap state (CIGS) produced by orbital mixing between the organic species and Pt(111). The formation of CIGS is responsible for a metallic structure at the organic–metal interface. The relative intensities of CIGSs at E_F were in the order of TP (flat-lying configuration) > TT > TP (inclined configuration), indicating that the spatial distribution of CIGSs is drastically altered by the strength of the organic–metal bond and the adsorption geometry. In other words, TP (flat-lying geometry) and TT serve as good mediators of the extension of the metal wave function at E_F, which would be closely related to charge transport at organic–metal interfaces.