Visualising the problems with balancing lithium–sulfur batteries by “mapping” internal resistance

Abstract

Frequent and continuous determination of battery internal resistance by a simple current-interrupt method enables the visualisation of cell behaviour through the creation of resistance “maps”, showing changes in resistance as a function of both capacity and cycle number. This new approach is applied here for the investigation of cell failure in the lithium–sulfur system with Li electrode excesses optimised towards practically relevant specifications.