A label-free turn ON–OFF chemiluminescence strategy for lysozyme detection by target-triggered Cu2−xSe aggregation

Abstract

The sensitive and rapid quantification of lysozymes (Lys) is a critical goal in clinical practice. Herein, a novel, label-free and sensitive turn ON–OFF chemiluminescent (CL) probe for Lys was developed based on modulating the biocatalytic ability of the Cu_2−xSe nanoparticles. The synthesized Cu_2−xSe nanoparticles could significantly enhance the chemiluminescence signal of the luminol–H₂O₂ system owing to their high copper deficiency, where a very bright blue CL emission was directly observed by the naked eye in darkness and it could last for a long period of up to 36 minutes. However, Lys could induce the aggregation of the Cu_2−xSe nanoparticles due to the electrostatic attraction, which could be monitored by SEM and dark-field imaging. The aggregated Cu_2−xSe nanoparticles with lower copper deficiency density could suppress their catalytic ability and turn off the chemiluminescence of luminol–H₂O₂. The established ON–OFF CL strategy exhibited a selective response to protein Lys and showed a quantitative relationship between the changes in the CL signals and the concentration of Lys over a wide range of 0.5–5000 ng mL⁻¹, with a low detection limit of 0.36 ng mL⁻¹. This study provides a promising strategy for detecting biomolecules by exploiting their specific interactions with nanomaterials.