Label-free and highly sensitive detection of DNA adenine methylation methyltransferase through cathodic photoelectrochemistry

Abstract

In this work, we report the first exploration of cathodic photoelectrochemistry for the determination of the activity of DNA adenine methylation (Dam) methyltransferase (MTase). In this sensing system, potassium ferricyanide (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]) can greatly stimulate the photocurrent of a CdS quantum dot (QD) sensitized NiO (NiO/CdS) photocathode. After immobilization of the hairpin DNA probe on the electrode surface, its high steric hindrance and the electrostatic repulsion block the access of K₃[Fe(CN)₆] to the electrode surface, leading to depressed photocurrent of the photocathode. Once the hairpin DNA probe is methylated by Dam MTase, it can be recognized and cleaved by Dpn I, and then further digested by (Exo I), ultimately leading to the removal of the hairpin DNA probe from the electrode surface. This configurational change induces the decrement of steric hindrance/electrostatic repulsion effects and allows the efficient flux of K₃[Fe(CN)₆] to the photoelectrode for photocurrent stimulation. The cathodic PEC assay is presented in the “turn-on” mode, which can detect Dam MTase in the linear range from 0.04 to 100 U mL⁻¹, with a detection limit as low as 0.028 U mL⁻¹. In principle, the platform presents a promising method for probing various biomolecules that can lead to configuration or charge variations at the electrode surface, which may become a general strategy for versatile targets.