In vitro biotransformation of an arsenosugar by mouse anaerobic cecal microflora and cecal tissue as examined using IC-ICP-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS

Abstract

This investigation examined chemical and microbiological transformations of an arsenosugar by mouse cecum. To mimic the low oxygen environment in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, reaction mixtures were incubated under anaerobic conditions. An arsenosugar extracted from ribbon kelp, 3-[5′-deoxy-5-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-ribofuranosyloxy]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, As(392), was added to reaction mixtures that contained either cecal microflora or cecal tissue homogenate. These reaction mixtures were incubated at 0 or 37 °C for up to 48 hours to monitor biotransformation of the arsenosugar. Analysis of the reaction mixtures by IC-ICP-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS indicated that the arsenosugar was converted primarily (95%) to its sulfur analog in less than 1 h at 37 °C. Conversion of As(392) to its sulfur analog was much slower at 0 °C (21% conversion after 48 h). In reaction mixtures with cecal tissue homogenate, conversion of As(392) to its sulfur analog was slower (77% conversion after 48 h at 37 °C). A good mass balance was found in all reaction mixtures between the amount of arsenosugar added and the sum of all detected arsenic-containing products. LC-ESI-MS/MS spectra of the sulfur-containing arsenosugar formed in all reaction mixtures containing cecal microflora compared well with those of a synthetic standard. These results suggest that the anaerobic microflora of the gastrointestinal tract can rapidly convert ingested arsenosugars to sulfur analogs. This biotransformation may affect the subsequent absorption, metabolism, and disposition of arsenic present in arsenosugars.