Electrochemical detection of amino acids at carbon nanotube and nickel–carbon nanotube modified electrodes

Abstract

The oxidation and enhanced detection of traditionally ‘non-electroactive’ amino acids at a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) surface and at a nickel hydroxide film electrochemically deposited and generated upon the SWNT layer is reported. Different CNT are compared, with Nafion-dispersed SWNT offering the most favorable layer for constant-potential amperometric detection. Factors affecting the oxidation process, including the pH or applied potential, are assessed. The response of the SWNT–Nafion coated electrode compares favorably with that of copper and nickel disk electrodes under flow injection analysis (FIA) conditions. The electrodeposition of nickel onto the SWNT–Nafion layer (Ni–CNT) led to a dramatic enhancement of the analytical response (vs. that observed at the SWNT or nickel electrodes alone). The oxidative process at the Ni(OH)₂ layer has been studied and the increase in sensitivity rationalized. In the presence of amino acid the Ni–CNT layer undergoes an electrocatalytic process in which the amino acid reduces the newly formed NiO(OH) species. Furthermore, the attractive response of both the CNT and Ni–CNT layers has allowed these electrodes to be used for constant-potential FIA of various amino acids and indicates great promise for monitoring chromatographic effluents. Once again an improved signal was observed at the Ni–CNT electrode compared to nickel deposited upon a bare glassy carbon electrode (Ni–GC).