Determination of physiological levels of volatile organic compounds in blood using static headspace capillary gas chromatography with serial triple detection

Abstract

A static capillary gas chromatographic method using three different detectors [photoionization detector (PID), electron capture detector (ECD) and flame ionization detector (FID)] switched in series is presented for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in sub µg l^–1 levels. The method was applied for the analysis of selected environmentally and occupationally relevant non-halogenated and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylenes, dichlorobenzenes) as well as chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene) in blood samples. Detailed investigations, in respect to the figures of merit were carried out. For most of the selected VOCs detection limits (calculated as the three-fold standard deviation of low level calibration standards) in the range from 26 (benzene) to 67 ng l^–1 (m/p-xylene) were achieved which are comparable with those reported for dynamic headspace techniques in combination with mass spectrometric detection. For the individual VOCs the within-series precision varied from 4 to 19% and the day-to-day precision from 11 to 28%. Regarding PID as well as FID the calibration graphs for all substances were linear up to at least 10 µg l^–1 while the ECD response was linear up to concentrations of about 0.6 µg l^–1 for the halogenated compounds. Our method is applicable for the quantitative determination of VOCs in blood in the occupationally as well as in the physiologically relevant (normal) concentration range.