Phenothiazine-based anodes with π-conjugation extension and dynamic charge balance enabling ultra-stable hydronium-ion batteries

Abstract

A phenothiazine derivative (TTA) featuring extended π-conjugation with multiple imino/carbonyl groups is successfully synthesized for hydronium-ion batteries. Benefiting from charge balance derived from 3D-dispersed multiple active sites, an extended π-conjugation plane, and a robust phenothiazine skeleton, TTA delivers a capacity of 136 mAh g⁻¹ and excellent cycling stability.