Investigation of seasonal changes in flame retardant concentrations in car interiors

Abstract

We investigated how temperature influences flame retardant levels in vehicle air and dust, and analyzed vehicle interior materials to identify major sources. Airborne concentrations of flame retardants varied dramatically, with some compounds increasing over 50 000-fold at elevated summer temperatures compared to winter temperatures. In contrast, dust levels were more stable but consistently high, reflecting substantial flame retardant content in interior materials. All sampled vehicle materials contained more than 1 μg g⁻¹ of three chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants. The combination of high material concentrations and temperature-driven emissions suggests that individuals who spend an extended time in vehicles may face elevated exposure to these chemicals, particularly during warmer conditions.